Тема 15. Machine-cutting Tools

1. Memorize the following words:

differ	відрізнятись
surface	поверхня
grind (ground)	заточувати (заточений)
rake angle	передній кут
clearance angle	задній кут
adjust	регулювати
turn	точити

2. Read and translate the text.

MACHINE-CUTTING TOOLS

The various types of cutting tools differ in shapes and in the angles to which the surfaces of the tools are ground. The cutting tip should be ground by hand or by machine with correct angles on the top face (rake angles) and sides (clearance angles) to a desired shape. The shape of the tool, as well as the proper rake and clearance angles depend upon a large number of factors, such as the specific operation, the material to be cut and the material from which the tool is made. The top rake is usually provided for the tool holder by the tool being set at an angle, which is correct for machining steel and cast iron. On solid tools it is necessary to grind the top rake in the tool.

By adjusting the tool in the tool post through a wedge, this top rake can be varied somewhat to suit the material being turned. The softer the material the less the top rake should be as there is a tendency for the tool to dig in if the rake is too great. The side rake also varies with the material being machined.

3. Memorize the following grammar material:

FUTURE-IN-THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

(Майбутній у минулому завершений час)

+) Стверджувальна форма

(He said that) I, we	should have V3
(He said that) he, she, it, you, they	would have V3

–) заперечна форма

(He knew that) I, we	should not have V3
(He knew that) he, she, it, you, they	would not have V3

Цей час означає майбутню завершену дію, яка відбудеться до певного моменту, але вживається лише у складних реченнях, коли присудок головного речення стоїть у минулому часі. Уживається зі словами: до 5 години – by 5 o’clock, до того часу – by that time, до наступного тижня – by the next week, до наступної суботи – by the next Saturday.

For example: He said that he would have helped you by 3 o’clock the next day. They knew that they would not have gone to the library by that moment the next day.

4. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Future Simple, Future-in-the Past Simple, Future Continuous, Future-in-the Past Continuous, Future Perfect or Future-in-the Past Perfect tense.

1) He said that he (to do) his work by 5 o’clock. 2) She knows that we (not to finish) the report by that time. 3) We were sure that the company (to ship) the equipment at that moment. 4) I am not afraid that you (not to write) your test by this time. 5) He said that we (to receive) that equipment the following week. 6) She said that she (to prepare) some documents by that time. 7) He knows that we (not to come) late.

8) She asked whether I (to learn) new terms by the next time. 9) He says that the company (not to prepare) the documents by tomorrow. 10) We understood that he (not to help) us. 11) She thinks that she (to finish) her work by 4 o’clock. 12) We knew that he (to discuss) that problem at that time. 13) She was afraid that she (not to do) that work by the following week. 14) They informed that they (to deliver) the goods by the next week. 15) I am sure that she (to type) the documents by 3 o’clock. 16) He understood that he (not to learn) those terms by the next lesson. 17) She supposes that they (to ship) that equipment in time. 18) He says that he (not to read) that article tomorrow. 19) She was afraid that he (to watch) TV the whole evening. 20) He asked whether they (to be) at home at that time.

5. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Директор знає, що ми підпишемо цей контракт до наступного тижня. 2) Він уважає, що ми обговорили всі пункти до 5-ої години. 3) Вона сказала, що перекладе контракт до наступного тижня. 4) Він думає, що ви добре перекладете терміни. 5) Я вірив, що ви не забудете передзвонити. 6) Ми розуміли, що не зможемо відвантажити товари вчасно. 7) Я чув, що ви будете головним менеджером. 8) Вони знали, що ви приймете нашу пропозицію. 9) Вона розуміла, що ви не підете до лабораторії сьогодні. 10) Він сказав, що виконає ваші умови. 11) Я не думаю, що вони не вирішать це питання. 12) Менеджер знав, що прилади не відповідатимуть їх вимогам. 13) Вона була впевнена, що пристрій не працюватиме. 14) Він сказав, що ми не зможемо допомогти. 15) Ми впевнені, що ви будете знати ці терміни. 16) Ми були впевнені, що вона надрукує реферат до завтра. 17) Вона запитала, чи я вивчу цей матеріал до наступного разу? 18) Він знав, що ми доставимо обладнання до наступного тижня. 19) Він говорить, що напише статтю до наступного понеділка. 20) Я знаю, що ви надрукуєте цей матеріал.