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Internet and Modern Life



The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwith-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the^Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words— an anarchist's dream.

Áèëåò 3

1. Grammar: Conjunction, interjection

2. Translate the text: “Free lancers”

3. Speak on the topic: “London”

1. Grammar: Conjunction, interjection

Conjunction – æàëғàóëûқ


Conjunction (æàëғàóëûқ) – êөìåêø³ ñөç òàáû, ñөéëåìäåã³ ñөçäåðä³ æәíå ñөéëåìäåðä³ á³ð-á³ð³ìåí áàéëàíûñòûðó қûçìåò³í àòқàðàäû.


Құðàìû æàғûíàí æàëғàóëûқòàð:

1. Äàðà, á³ð òүá³ðäåí òұðàòûí:

and – æәíå
or – íåìåñå
but – á³ðàқ
if – åãåð

2. Òóûíäû, құðàìûíäà ñóôôèêñ/ïðåôèêñ áàð:

until – äåé³í
unless – åãåð áîëìàñà

3. Êүðäåë³, åê³ òүá³ðäåí òұðàòûí:

however (how + ever) – äåãåíìåí
therefore (there + fore) – ñîíäûқòàí

4. Құðàìäàñ, á³ðíåøå ñөçäåðäåí òұðàòûí:

in case – æàғäàéäà
as soon as – (àóäàðûëìàéäû)
as if – (àóäàðûëìàéäû)
as though – áîëғàí æàғäàéäà
in order to – (àóäàðûëìàéäû)

5. Æұïòû:

either... or – íå...íå, íå... íåìåñå,... ñèÿқòû
neither... nor – íå... íå
both... and – äà/äå, òà/òå,... ñèÿқòû
not only... but –... åìåñ, ñîíûìåí қàòàð


Ôóíêöèîíàëäûқ ìàқñàòûíà қàðàé æàëғàóëûқòàð áөë³íåä³:

1. Ñàëàëàñòûðғûø æàëғàóëûқòàð: ñөç áåí ñөçä³, ñөéëåì ìåí ñөéëåìä³, ñàëàëàñ құðìàëàñòûң ñûңàðëàðûí әð òүðë³ ìàғûíàëûқ қàòûíàñòà áàéëàíûñòûðàäû.

2. Ñàáàқòàñòûðғûø æàëғàóëûқòàð: ñàáàқòàñ ñөéëåìäåã³ áàғûíûңқû ñөéëåìä³ áàñûңқû ñөéëåìãå áàéëàíûñòûðàäû.


Ñàëàëàñòûðғûø æàëғàóëûқòàð:

1. Ûңғàéëàñòûқ (and, as well as, nor, neither... nor, not only... but (also), both... and):

and – æәíå
The air was clean and fresh. – Àóà òàçà æәíå ñàëқûí áîëäû.
It was raining and everyone was at home. – Æàңáûð æàóûï, áàðëûғû үéäå áîëäû.

as well as – ñîíäàé
Love lives in cottages as well as in courts. – Ìàõàááàò үéø³êòå äå ñàðàéäàғûäàé.

nor – ñîíûìåí қàòàð äà/äå
He can't do it, nor can I. – Îë îíû ³ñòåé àëìàéäû æәíå ìåí äå.

neither... nor – íå... íå
Íå can neither read nor write. – Îë íå îқè, íå æàçà àëìàéäû.

both... and – äà... äà,
He speaks both English and French. – Îë àғûëøûíøà äà ôðàíöóçøà äà ñөéëåé àëàäû.
Both the brother and the sister were punished. – ²í³ñ³íäåé àïàéû äà æàçàëàíäû.

2. Қàðñûëûқòû (and, but, nevertheless, yet, however):

and – aë
I shall go and you stay here. – Ìåí áàðàéûí, àë ñåí îñûíäà қàë.

but – á³ðàқ
The sun has set, but it is still light. – Êүí áàòòû, á³ðàқ êүí әë³ æàðûқ.

nevertheless – қàðàìàñòàí
He knows them to be evil, nevertheless he indulges in them. – Îë îëàðäûң àøóëû åêåí³í á³ëåä³, á³ðàқ îғàí қàðàìàñòàí îë îëàðìåí êåë³ñåä³.

yet – қàðàìàñòàí
The waters of the lake were deep, yet clear. – Êөë ñóëàðû òåðåң áîëғàíûíà қàðàìàñòàí, ìөëä³ð áîëäû.

3. Òàëғàóëûқòû (or, either... or):

or – әëäå, әéòïåñå
Hurry up or you will be late! – Àñûғûңûç, әéòïåñå êåø³ãåñ³ç!

either... or – íåìåñå... íå
You can either go to the disco or the party. – Ñåí íåìåñå äèñêîòåêàғà íå êåøêå áàðà àëàñûң.


Ñàáàқòàñòûðғûø æàëғàóëûқòàð:

1. Қîñûìøà (that, whether):

that – (àóäàðûëìàéäû)
He said that he had found a new job. – Îë æàңà æұìûñ òàïқàíäûғûí àéòòû.

whether – ìà/ìå
I don't know whether he will come tonight. – Ìåí îë áүã³í êåøêå êåëå ìå, êåëìåé ìå á³ëìåéì³í.

2. Ìåçã³ë (as, as soon as, as long as, till, until, before, after, since, directly, when, while):

as soon as – (àóäàðûëìàéäû)
As soon as the sun rose, we started on an excursion. – Êүí øûғûñûìåí, á³ç ýêñêóðñèÿғà àòòàíäûқ.

as – êåçäå
As I left the house I remembered the key. – Ìåí үéäåí øûққàí êåçäå ê³ëò åñ³ìå òүñò³.

till, until – äåé³í
The child could not go for a walk till his parents came. – Áàëà àòà-àíàëàðû êåëãåíãå äåé³í қûäûðóғà áàðà àëìàäû.
Wait until I come. – Ìåí êåëãåíãå äåé³í êүò.
I shall wait until he comes home. – Ìåí îë үéãå êåëãåíãå äåé³í êүòåì³í.

before – äåé³í, àëäûíäà, áұðûí
Shut all the windows before you go. – Êåòåð àëäûíäà áàðëûқ òåðåçåëåðä³ æàï.
Call me before you go. – Êåòåð àëäûíäà ìàғàí òåëåôîí ñîқ.

after – êåé³í
I watched TV after I finished my homework. – Ìåí үé òàïñûðìàñûí îðûíäàғàííàí êåé³í, òåëåäèäàð êөðä³ì.

since – ñîäàí áåð³, áұðûí
What have you been doing since you left our town? – ѳç á³çä³ң қàëàäàí êåòêåííåí áåð³ íå ³ñòåï æүðñ³ç?
We have been friends since we went to school. – Á³ç ìåêòåïêå áàðғàííàí áåð³ äîñïûç.

directly – òóðà, ò³êåëåé, òåç, äåðåó
Let me know directly he comes. – Îë êåë³ñ³ìåí ìàғàí äåðåó á³ëä³ð³ң³ç.

when – êåçäå, қàøàí
He used to go fishing when he was a boy. – Îë ê³øêåíå êåç³íäå, æè³ áàëûқ àóëàóғà áàðäû.
He was still asleep when the snow began to fall. – Қàð æàóà áàñòàғàí êåçãå äåé³í îë ұéûқòàï êåòêåí.

while – êåçäå, óàқûò àðàëûғûíäà
Take a nap while I'm out. – Ìåí æîқ êåçäå ұéûқòàï àë.
My mother was cooking dinner while my father was reading a newspaper. – Ïàïàì ãàçåò îқûï îòûðғàí êåçäå ìåí³ң ìàìàì òүñê³ àñ ï³ñ³ð³ï æàòòû.

3. Ñåáåï (as, because, since, seeing):

as – ñåáåá³, өéòêåí³
I must stop work now as I have to go out. – Ìåí æұìûñòû қàç³ð òîқòàòóғà ì³íäåòò³ì³í, ñåáåá³ ìàғàò êåòó êåðåê.

because – ñåáåá³
I liked this film because it was funny. – Ìàғàí áұë ôèëüì ұíàäû, ñåáåá³ îë êүëê³ë³.
They never lose because they never surrender. – Îëàð åøқàøàí æåң³ëìåéä³, ñåáåá³ îëàð åøқàøàí áåð³ëìåéä³.

since – ñåáåá³, өéòêåí³
Since he is still absent, we should call the police. – Îë әë³ êүíãå äåé³í æîқ áîëóû ñåáåïò³, á³ç ïîëèöèÿ øàқûðóûìûç қàæåò.

4. Ìàқñàò (in order that, so that, lest):

in order that, so that – үø³í
You must take measures in order that such mistakes may never be made again. – ѳçãå áұë қàòåë³êòåð åøқàøàí қàéòàëàíáàó үø³í, øàðà қîëäàíó êåðåê.
He slept with the key under his pillow so that no one could steal it. – Îë åøê³ì ұðëàï қîéìàó үø³í, ê³ëòò³ æàñòûқòûң àñòûíà ұñòàï ұéûқòàäû.

lest – ñîëàé áîëìàñà, әéòïåñå
He wrote down the number lest he should forget it. – Îë íөì³ðä³ ұìûòûï қàëìàñ үø³í, æàçûï àëäû.

5. Øàðòòû (if, unless, provided, supposing (that)):

if – åãåð
If he comes tomorrow, send for me. – Åãåð îë åðòåң êåëñå, ìàғàí æ³áåð.

unless – åãåð
Unless you start at once, you will be late. – Åãåð ñ³ç æûëäàì øûқïàñàңûç, êåø³ãåñ³ç.
I shall not go unless the weather is fine. – Åãåð æàқñû àóà ðàéû áîëìàñà, ìåí áàðìàéìûí.

provided – øàðòïåí, åãåðäå
Provided that all is safe, you may go. – Åãåðäå қàó³ï áîëìàñà, ñåí³ң áàðóûңà áîëàäû.

supposing (that) – áîëæàóìåí
Supposing it were true, how we should grieve! – Åãåð áұë øûí áîëñà, á³ç қàëàé ðåíæèò³í åä³ê!
We suppose that the situation will improve. – Á³ç æàғäàé æàқñàðàäû äåï áîëæàéìûç.

6. Қàðñûëûқòû (though, although):

though, although – үéòñå äå, қàéòñå äå
Though they know the war is lost, they continue to fight. – Îëàð ñîғûñòà æåң³ëãåíäåð³í á³ëñå äå, øàéқàñòû æàëғàñòûðóäà.

7. Әðåêåò æîëû (as, as if, as though):

as – қàëàé... ñîëàé
Do as you are told. – ѳçãå қàëàé àéòûëäû, ñîëàé ³ñòåң³ç. as if, as though – ñèÿқòû
It is as though I have to wait a time. – Ìàғàí òîñó êåðåê ñèÿқòû.

8. Ñàëûñòûðó (as, as... as, not so... as, than, the... the):

as – ñèÿқòû
The book was banned in the US, as were two subsequent books. – Áұë ê³òàïòû åê³ êåëåñ³ ê³òàïòàð ñèÿқòû, ÀҚØ òà қîëäàíóғà òûéûì ñàëûíäû.

not so... as – ñîíäàé... åìåñ
The air is not so cold now as it was in the early morning. – Қàç³ð àóà òàң åðòåңã³äåé ñóûқ åìåñ.

than – қàðàғàíäà
Åasier said than done. – Îðûíäàғàíғà қàðàғàíäà àéòқàí æåң³ë³ðåê.

9. Ñàëäàð (so that):

so that – ñåáåá³
The leaves of the trees were very dark and thick, so that no ray of light came through the branches. – Àғàø æàïûðàқòàðûíûң қîþ æәíå æè³ áîëó ñåáåá³íåí, á³ð êүí ñәóëåñ³ äå áұòàқ àðқûëû òүñå àëìàäû.

Interjection – îäàғàé


Interjection (îäàғàé) – àäàìíûң àëóàí òүðë³ êөң³ë êүé³í, ñåç³ì³í á³ëä³ðåò³í, á³ðàқ îëàðäûң àòû (àòàóû) áîëûï ñàíàëìàéòûí ñөç òàáû.

Îäàғàé ñөéëåì ìүøåñ³ áîëìàéäû.

Àғûëøûí ò³ë³ îäàғàéëàðû àóûçåê³ ò³ëäå êөï òàðàғàí.

Ñîíäûқòàí ñ³çãå, àғûëøûí ò³ë³íäå åíä³ ғàíà ñөéëåé áàñòàñàңûç äà, îäàғàéëàðäû á³ëó àðòûқ áîëìàéäû.
Ìûñàëû, á³ð æàғäàéғà áàéëàíûñòû ýìîöèÿңûç áàð, á³ðàқ îíû á³ðäåí ñөçáåí æåòê³çå àëìàé òұðñûç. Îäàғàé îñûíäàé æàғäàéäà æàóàï äàéûíäàóғà ìүìê³íä³ê áåðåä³.

Àғûëøûí ò³ë³íäå îäàғàéëàð êөï, á³ðàқ îëàðäûң áәð³í æàòòàóäûң қàæåò³ æîқ.

Åң æè³ қîëäàíûñòàғû îäàғàéëàðғà òîқòàëñàқ:

ah – à! (êåë³ñ³ì, á³ëó, ñүé³ñïåíø³ë³ê, ðàõàò, òүñ³í³ê, òàң қàëó, қóàíûø):
Ah, now I understand. – À, îíäà ìàғàí òүñ³í³êò³.

aha – áәñå! (òүñ³í³ê, òàáó, ðèçà áîëó, ñàëòàíàò):
Aha! So it was you! – Áәñå! Îë ñ³ç áîëғàí åêåíñ³ç ғîé!

ah well – íå øàðà (êåë³ñó):
Ah well, it can't be helped. – Íå øàðà, åøòåìå қîëäàí êåëìåéä³.

alas – әòòåãåí-àé! (өê³í³ø):
Alas, she refused. – Әòòåãåí-àé, îë áàñ òàðòòû.

eh – À? Íå? (àéòûëғàíäû қàéòàëàóäû ñұðàó), Ñîëàé åìåñ ïå? (êåë³ñ³ìä³ êүòó), Èә? (òàң қàëó):
It’s cold today. – Eh? – I said it’s cold today. – Áүã³í êүí ñóûқ. – À? – Ìåí áүã³í êүí ñóûқ äåä³ì.

er – ý-ý… (åê³ îéëû áîëó, ñåí³ìñ³çä³ê):
Brussels is the capital of…er…Belgium. – Áðþññåëü – …ý-ý… Áåëüãèÿ àñòàòàñû.

hey – әé! (êөң³ë àóäàðòó, òàң қàëó, қóàíûø, äөðåê³ ñөéëåó):
Hey! Look at that! – Әé! Ìûíàғàí қàðàøû!
Hey you! – Әé, ñåí!

hi – ñәëåì! (ñәëåìäåñó):
Hi! What's new? – Ñәëåì! Íå æàңàëûқ?

hmm – ãì… (êүìәíäàíó, åê³ îéëû áîëó, êåë³ñïåó):
Hmm. I’m not so sure. – Ãì… Ìåí ñåí³ìä³ åìåñï³í.

hush – òñ! (òûíûøòûқ ñàқòàóäû өò³íó):
Hush! – Òûíûø!

oh – î, îé! ïàé! (қóàíûø, òàң қàëó, өê³í³ø, àóðó):
Oh! How you pleased me! – Îé! ѳç ìåí³ қàëàé қóàíòòûңûç!
Oh my God! – Î, құäàéûì-àé!

oops – îé! (қûñқà ìåðç³ìä³ îқèғà, қàòåë³ê, ûңғàéñûç ñåç³íó):
Oops! I’m sorry. I’ve broken your cup. – Îé, êåø³ð³ң³ç! Ìåí ñ³çä³ң êәñåң³çä³ ñûíäûðûï àëäûì.

ow, ouch – îéïûð-àé! (àóðó, өê³í³ø):
Ouch! That hurts! – Oéïûð-àé! Àóûðûï òұðғàíû-àé!

ugh – òóó! æә! (æàқòûðìàó):
Ugh! What’s that smell? – Òóó, áұë íå è³ñ?

uh – ә-ә… (ñåí³ìñ³çä³ê):
Uh… I don't know the answer to that. – Ә-ә… Ìåí áұë ñұðàқòûң æàóàáûí á³ëìåéì³í.

uh-huh – àhà! (êåë³ñ³ì, òүñ³í³ê, ðàñòàó):
Do you understand? – Uh-huh. – Ñåí òүñ³íåñ³ң áå? – Àhà.
Shall we go? – Uh-huh. – Áàðàìûç áà? – Àhà.

uh-uh – æî-æî (áàñ òàðòó):
Is Nancy here yet? – Uh-uh. – Íýíñè îñûíäà ìà? – æî-æî.

umm – ì-ì... (êүìәíäàíó, ñåí³ìñ³çä³ê):
60 divided by 5 is…umm…12. – 60-òû 5-êå áөëñåê áîëàäû… ì-ì… 12.

well – íå! æàðàéäû! (òàң қàëó, êåë³ñó), íå, ñîíûìåí (ê³ð³ñïå ñөç, үç³ë³ñò³ òîëòûðó æîëû):
Well, I never! – Íå? Ìåí åøқàøàí!
Well, perhaps you are right! – Æàðàéäû, ìүìê³í ñ³çä³ê³ äұðûñ áîëàð!

wow – ïà ø³ðê³í! ïàé-ïàé, áәðåêåëä³! (òàңäàíó):
Wow! What a fantastic sight! – Ïà ø³ðê³í! Қàíäàé òàìàøà êөð³í³ñ!
Wow, you look incredible! – Ïàé-ïàé, ñåí êåðåìåí êөð³íåñ³ң!

2. Translate the text: «Free lancers»

Ôðèëàíñåðëåð

Òóðèçìäå өç өç³íå æұìûñ æàñàéòûí àäàìäàð áàð. Îëàðäû Ôðëàíñåðëåð äåï àòàéäû.Îëàð òóðèñòò³ê êîìïàíèÿғà òîëûқ æұìûñ óàқûòûí àðíàï æàñàìàéäû. Îëàð òîëûқ åìåñ æұìûñ óàқûòûíäà íåìåñå æîғàðû ìåçã³ëäå æұìûñ æàñàéäû. Îëàð ìåçã³ë³ òөìåí äåңãåéäå áîëғàí êåçäå íåìåñå ìåçã³ë³ áîëìàғàí æàғäàéäà æұìûñ æàñàìàéäû. Ôðèëàíñåðëåð àðàñûíäà ãèäòåð, ãèä-ïåðåâîä÷èêòåð, àíèìàòîðëàð, ñàÿõàòòàóøû æàçóøûëàð áàð. Òóðèñòò³ê êîìïàíèÿëàð îëàðäû ìåçã³ë³íäåã³ æұìûñқà àëàäû. Êðóèç êîìïàíÿëàðû, êóðîðòòûқòқîíàқ үéëåð, äåìàëûñ îðòàëûқòàðû àíèìàòîðëàðäû æàç àéûíäàғû æîғàðғû ìåçã³ëäåã³ æұìûñқà àëàäû.

3.Speak on the topic: «London»

London is not only the capital of the most important English-speaking country. It’s also one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world. The population of London at the moment is more than 8 million people. Besides, London is inhabited by people of almost all nationalities and races. The city lies on both banks of river Thames. The most important parts of London are: the City, the East End, the West end and Westminster. The busiest part is, of course, the City. Thousands of companies, business organizations, banks and offices are situated there and millions of people work there on daily basis. The West End and the East End classification shows that London has still class distinction system. The West End is traditionally inhabited by rich and successful people. Besides, almost all the city theaters, museums, galleries, posh shops and restaurants are situated in West End area. East End is the place where working class lives. This district is not as rich as others and has fewer parks. Westminster area contains many sightseeing buildings. The most famous of all is the Westminster Abbey. It’s the place where many prominent Englishmen are buried. Among them Charles Darwin, Isaac Newton, Alfred Tennyson and many others. London is full of places of interest. When tourists arrive there, they want to see the Piccadilly Street, which is especially beautiful at night, the Baker Street, the place where Sherlock Holmes lived and worked, the Tower, which is famous as home of the Crown Jewels, the Hyde Park with its Speaker’s Corner, the Museum of Madame Tussauds and many others. One of the favourite tourist attractions is London Eye. It’s one of the largest Ferris wheels in the world.

Áèëåò 4

1. Grammar: First Conditional

2. Translate the text: “Weddings”

3. Speak on the topic: “English language

1.Grammar: First conditional





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studopedia.org - Ñòóäîïåäèÿ.Îðã - 2014-2024 ãîä. Ñòóäîïåäèÿ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ àâòîðîì ìàòåðèàëîâ, êîòîðûå ðàçìåùåíû. Íî ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò âîçìîæíîñòü áåñïëàòíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ (0.018 ñ)...