Strategies of Error Correction

Here are some suggestions that may help you to edit better.

1. Try to let some time pass between working on the content of your paper and editing it. This distance in time may help you to focus more sharply on form.

2. Try to read your paper slowly, saying the sentences aloud or in your head.

3. Try to look for only one error at a time, for example, sentence boundaries, subject/verb agreements, verb tenses and forms, or -s errors.

4. Try reading your text one sentence at a time beginning at the end instead of at the beginning. By doing this, you will not be distracted by content and will be better able to concentrate on form. _;

5. Make marks in the margin where you are unsure of what you have written. Ask a native speaker, a classmate, or your teacher for the correct form, or consult a dictionary.

6. Each time you edit, make a note of errors you want to be particularly careful to avoid next time you edit.

(from Ilona Leki)

10. Как часто вы оформляете библиографию, выполняя письменные задания? От чего это зависит? Оформляете ли вы библиографию, когда пишете эссе на английском языке? Является ли это обязательным требованием?

11. В рекомендациях по оформлению списка литературы на английском языке нет единства, но есть несколько общих тенденций, свойственных разным стилям оформления.

Сопоставьте два варианта оформления библиографии. Обозначьте сходные черты и различия.

Выберите стиль, который подходит вам, и будьте последовательны в ваших работах.

a) I. Leki

The bibliography appears at the end of the paper, on a separate sheet. The entries are listed in alphabetical order by author's last name, which is flush with the left margin. If the entry is more than one line long, all the lines after the first one are in­dented five spaces.

Bibliography

Naisbitt, John. Megatrends. New York: Warner Books, 1984.

Reynolds, Richard. "Not Ready for Prime Time." Mother Jones Aug./Sep. 1985: 6-8.

For a source with no author:

"Taking Shots at the Shoot-Out: World Cup." Newsweek 7 July 1986: 14-15.

(When no author is given, the article is listed in the bibliography in alphabetical order according to the first letter of the title.)

For a source with two authors:

Aronowitz, Stanley, and Henry Giroux. Education Under Siege. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey, 1985.

(Note that only the first author's name is listed last name first.)

For a source with three authors:

Ellis, Mark, Nina O'Driscoll, and Adrian Pilbeam. Professional English. London: Longman, 1984.

For a source with more than three authors:

Hughey, Jane B., et al. Teaching ESL Composition. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1983.

(Note: et al. means "and others.")

For a text appearing in an anthology:

Olsen, Tillie. "Tell Me A Riddle." The Experience of the American Woman. Ed. Barbara H. Solomon. New York: Mentor, 1978. 313-47.

For an article in an encyclopedia:

"Quantum theory." New Columbia Encyclopedia. 1975 ed.

(Note that page numbers are not necessary since articles in en­cyclopedias appear in alphabetical order.)

For a newspaper article:

Roth, Norm. "Tale of Two Cities--Two Strikes." Labor Today [Chicago] Oct./Nov. 1986, sec. A: 10-11.

(Note that the name of the city is included in brackets if it does not appear in the title of the newspaper.)

For editions after the first:

Charters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer. 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1986.

For reprints:

Sheehy, Gail. Passages. 1976. New York: Bantam, 1977.

(This book was originally published by one publisher in hard­back in 1976, and then reprinted by another publisher in 1977. Note that only the date of the first publication is necessary, not the name of the original publisher.)

b) BALEAP – British Association of Lectures in English for Academic Purposes