VI. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними

Зразок 1. А: Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of mammals”.

Do you agree with me?

В: No, that’s wrong. Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of fish”

Зразок 2. А: Ichthyology has a long documented history.

Do you agree with me?

B: Yes, you are right. Ichthyology has a long documented history.

1. The first vertebrates evolved in the forests 480 million years ago.

2. The diversity of fish is smaller than for any other vertebrate group.

3. The brain is the organ with the highest energy and oxygen demand.

4. Tropical fish show a tendency to be smaller and faster growing.

5. The shapes of fish are not diverse.

6. Fish have a wide diversity of food and feeding habits.

7. The maximum size of fish can range from one meter in Philippine gobies, to 13-15 centimeters in the Whale shark.

8. Fish are ugly. They never have beautiful colors or fascinating body shapes which is why people don’t like keep them in aquaria.

VII.Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1. Іхтіологію, зазвичай, визначають як “науку про риб” або “галузь зоології, яка вивчає риб”. 2. Іхтіологія має давню історію, яка нараховує тисячоліття. 3. Перші хребетні з’явились у морі 480 млн. років тому. 4. Перші риби існували задовго до амфібій, рептилій або пташок, але вони не були схожі на сучасних риб. 5. Різноманітність риб набагато більша, ніж будь-якої іншої групи хребетних. 6. У природі існує понад 25.000 видів риб. 7. Форми риб надзвичайно різноманітні. 8. Максимальний розмір риби може коливатися від одного сантиметра до 15 метрів. 9. Тропічні риби більше виявляютьтенденцію до швидкого росту, ніж їх холодноводні “родичі”. 10. Риби виробляють велику кількість ікри, яка стає частиною планктону. 11. Риби мають гарний колір і привабливі форми тіла – це одна із причин того, чому ми тримаємо їх в акваріумі.

VIII.Замість крапок вставте модальні дієслова (must, may, can, could, need).

1.He … do it himself. 2.She … speak English. 3.She … attend lectures because she is ill. 4. … he come here? No, he … not come so early. 5. He … swim very well when he was young. 6. They … go there tomorrow. 7. You … take my dictionary. 8. … I come in? 9. He … know her address. 10. I don’t … your book any longer. 11. Does he … my help? 12. He … not find him there. 13. I … do it now. 14. You … consult your dean. 15. … I translate these documents? No, you … not. 16. … I smoke? No, you … not. 17. You look very tired. I think you … have a long rest.

IX. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Can they finish their work next month? 2. This work can be done. 3. This article can be translated. 4. These texts can be read. 5. This work can’t be done at once. 6. He could read Spanish books after he had studied Spanish for a year. 7. She could speak French when she was a girl. 8. We were able to translate the article without a dictionary. 9. My sister was able to do it without my help. 10. If he had tried, he could have done it. 11. If she had worked harder, he could have finished this work on time. 12. You could have asked him about it. 13. Why didn’t you do it? 14. They may come to Paris in the summer. 15. The documents may be received tomorrow. 16. This work must be done at once. 17. You have to go there. 18. Ann had to consult a doctor. 19. He must be working in the garden. 20. Our students must be in the library now. 21. Mr. Wales must be waiting for you in the conference room. 22. They must have forgotten their promise. 23. You need not hurry. 24. This work need not be done today. 25. We needed the dictionary badly. 26. I shall need your advice. 27. You should help him. 28. We should have helped them. 29. You shouldn’t have told her about it. 30. You should take better care of your health.

X. Замість крапок вставте прийменники ( in, at, on, within ).

1. We had to come to the dean’s office … 12 o’clock. 2. He doesn’t like going out … night. 3. All over the world people have holidays …Christmas Day. 4. Will you be here … weekend? 5. Hurry up! The lecture begins... a few minutes. 6. They got married... last May. 7. We traveled overnight to Moscow and arrived … 5 o’clock … the morning. 8. It was quite a short article on ichthyology and I read it … a day. 9. Our winter semester often begins … January and ends sometimes … May. 10. I might not be at the college … Monday morning but I probably be there … the afternoon. 11. They always come … time. 12. Please, don’t be late. Be... time. 13. Will you be … home … time for dinner? 14. You must hurry if you want to get to the station … time to catch the train. 15. There will be a meeting … the end of September.

XI. Перекажіть текст.

FISH

Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of fish” or “that branch of zoology dealing with fish”, and has a long documented history, dating thousands of years back to the ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese, Greeks and Romans.

The first vertebrates evolved in the sea 480 million years ago. Thus, fish were around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals, but they were not like modern fish.

The diversity of fish is larger than of any other vertebrate group. There are more than 25.000 species of fish. The maximum size of fish can range from one centimeter in Philippine gobies, to 13-15 meters in the whale shark.

Fish as well as other animals have evolved brain sizes that are neither too small nor too large respective to the niches they occupy in nature.

Tropical fish show a tendency to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counterparts.

Fish inhabit more diverse habitats than any other group of vertebrates, ranging from Himalayan or Andean brooks at 4000 meters to abyssal depth at 10 kilometers. The range of temperatures can be also very large, from minus 2(!) Cº toup to plus40 (!)Cº.

Fish are beautiful. They have beautiful colours and fascinating body shapes, one of the reasons why people keep them in aquaria.

Fish range from feeding on microscopic phyto- and zooplankton to engulfing entire adult fish, such as is done by whale sharks.

Fish produce a large number of small eggs which become a part of the plankton. There are many fish, which give birth to their young.

UNIT 6