III. Згрупуйте слова за частинами мови

adults, cartilage, structure, vertebra, spinal, teeth, calcify, their, are, possess, dermal, arm, begins, type, have, them, include, eyes, red, developed, liver, digestive, digestion, paired, grow up, male, internal, provide, allow, mammals, their.

Іменник	Прикметник	Дієслово	Займенник
mammals	red	have	their

IV. Складіть речення.

1. Sharks, skates and rays	a)to protect their brains
2. But the cartilage in their teeth and vertebrae	b)dermal and endoskeletal
3. Vertebrates have skulls	c)have complex eyes arranged in pairs
4. Vertebrates possess two types of bone:	d)with red blood corpuscules and white corpuscules
5. Most birds and amphibians	e)pharynx
6. Most vertebrates	f)fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
7. Most vertebrates have blood	g)do not have true bone
8. Most vertebrates have mouth and	h)which provide attachments for muscles
9. Every vertebrate has bones	i)don’t have teeth
10.Living vertebrates include	j)may calcify or harden into a bone-like structure

V. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними, використовуючи фрази: I agree that (я згоден, що…); I cannot agree that… (я не можу погодитися з тим, що…).

1. Living vertebrates include insects and birds.

2. Most vertebrates have two legs and two wings.

3. Most vertebrates have well developed body cavity.

4. Vertebrae, ribs and arm and leg bones are made of dermal bone.

5. Most birds have flippers.

6. Most vertebrates don’t grow up to be male or female.

7. Jawless vertebrates began to decline 380 years ago.

8. Body cavity contains internal organs.

9. Ventral heart consists of one chamber.

10. Vertebrates don’t have skulls to protect their brains.

VI. Знайдіть визначення до слів.

1.vertebrate	1.bone or cartilage which protect the brains
2.vertebra	2.legs, flippers or wings
3.skull	3.well developed body cavity containing internal organs
4.appendages	4.to have, to own
5.coelom	5.any animal that has vertebrae
6.kidneys	6.the mass of soft grey matter in the head, centre of the nervous system
7.to possess	7.each bone in your spine
8.brain	8.paired organs with ducts to drain waste out of the body
9.heart	9.red liquid flowing throughout the body of man and the higher animals
10.blood	10.that part of the body which pumps blood through the system

VII. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1. Хребетні не тільки мають спинний мозок, а й захищають його кістковою або хрящевою тканиною.

2. Ця конструкція складається з кісток, які називаються хребцями.

3. Хребетні мають дермальні та ендоскелетальні види кісток.

4. Хребці, ребра, кістки кінцівок складаються з ендоскелетальних кісток.

5. Птахи, амфібії та комахоїдні ссавці не мають зубів.

6. Більшість хребетних мають щелепи.

7. Більшість хребетних мають дві пари кінцівок.

8. Внутрішній епідерміс часто видозмінюється для продукування луски, пір’я, шерсті, рогів, залоз і т.д.

9. Більшість хребетних мають нирки з протоками для виведення відходів з організму.

10. Більшість хребетних мають серце з 2 або 4 камерами.

VIII. Розкрийте дужки та поставте дієслова у відповідному граматичному часі.

A .Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1. The professor (speak) five foreign languages. Right now he (speak) German.

2. I usually drive to my work. Be carefull! You (drive) too fast.

3. I (do) a lot of work every day. Don’t worry! I (know) what I (do).

4. What language they (speak) in India? What language he (speak) now?

5. She (not understand) what the teacher (explain).

B. Future Simple or Present Continuous.

1. Where you (go) for your next holiday?

2. I’m afraid, I’m not quite ready. – Never mind. I (wait).

3. We (have) a party next Saturday night. You (come)?

4. – There are a lot of mistakes in this document.

– All right. I (type) it again.

5. You must visit this museum. I’m sure you (like) it.

C .Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. I (come) in and (see) my friends who (write) the final test.

2. I (not understand) what Mr Green (do).

3. I (not hear) him. I (listen to) the music.

4. The mouse (hide) while the cat (watch).

5. We (see) an accident when we (wait) for the bus.

D .Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1. Some years ago he (be) rather poor and (not know) how to live. But recently he (become) very rich.

2. What you (do) last night?

3. What you (do) since last night?

4. I (get) a fax from Boris an hour ago, but I (not answer) it yet.

5. How’s George? When you (see) him? – Oh, I (not meet) him for ages.

E .Present Perfect or Past Perfect.

1. You ever (see) a flying saucer?

2. When the three bears came home they saw that someone (eat) Baby Bear’s porridge.

3. You (pass) your examinations yet?

4. I (pass) all my exams before I went home.

5. I (not see) this film yet, but I am going to see it.

F .Past Simple or Past Perfect.

1. We (pass) our exams by the end of the week.

2. We (not visit) this museum last week.

3. I (buy) the book that the teacher (recommend).

4. I didn’t recognize him, because he (change) a lot.

5. When we arrived at the cinema, the film already (begin).

IX. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою. Використовуючи таблицю, визначте часову форму присудків.

1. Кожного року багато туристів приїжджають відвідати музей Бітлз.

2. Коли я був дитиною, мої батьки посилали мене влітку в село на відпочинок.

3. Коли я їхав до університету, я зустрів мого друга.

4. О котрій годині відкривається ваш супермаркет?

5. Де Ніна? Вона сидить у бібліотеці.

6. Я, зазвичай, обідаю вдома.

7. Ти чув цю пісню раніше?

8. Мої батьки живуть у Києві 20 років.

9. Ми купили цей автомобіль 2 роки тому.

10. Ця ферма буде виробляти молочні продукти.

11. Хто добре знає англійську мову в нашій групі?

12. Ми вивчили нові слова до того, як почали перекладати текст.

13. Ми закінчимо перекладати цей текст до кінця заняття.

14. Завтра у цей час я буду працювати в читальному залі.

15. Як довго ви навчаєтеся в університеті?

Активний стан дієслів (Active Voice)

Tense	Present	Past	Future
Simple	ask	asked	shall ask will
Continuous	am are asking is	was asking were	shall be asking will
Perfect	have asked has	had asked	shall have asked will

X. Перекажіть текст.

VERTEBRATES

What is a Vertebrate? Vertebrates not only keep their notochords — they protect them with bone or cartilage. In most vertebrates, this structure is composed of bones called vertebrae. Each bone in your spine is a vertebra. Each vertebra has a hole through which the spinal cord passes. Vertebrates also have skulls, whether made of bone or cartilage, to protect their brains. Vertebrates possess two types of bone, dermal and endoskeletal. Vertebrae, ribs, and arm and leg bones are made of endoskeletal bone. This type of bone begins as cartilage, which calcifies (hardens) to form bone. In some fish cartilage never hardens into bone. Most vertebrates have jaws. Vertebrates are made for moving. Most vertebrates have two pairs of appendanges, whether it’s four legs, four flippers, or two legs and two wings. Most vertebrates have:

• Complex eyes arranged in pairs.

• Muscularized mouth and pharynx.

• The outer covering consists of two divisions - an outer epidermis and an inner dermis.

• Blood with red blood corpuscles containing hemoglobin and white corpuscles.

• Well developed body cavity (coelom).

• Digestive system with large digestive glands, liver, and pancreas.

• Ventral heart with 2-4 chambers.

• Paired kidneys.

So, any animal that has vertebrae is a vertebrate. And every vertebrate has a brain and bones to protect its brain and other internal organs which also provide attachments for muscles that allow animals to move.

Living vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

UNIT 5

FISH

Повторіть за диктором слова:

1. abyssal depth	[q'bIsql'depT]	найглибша частина моря
2. brook n	[bruk]	струмок
3. counterpart n	['kauntq'pRt]	копія, двійник, щось, що доповнює інше
4. diversity n	[daI'vWsItI]	різноманітність
5. engulf v	[In'gAlf]	поглинати
6. fascinate v	['fxsIneIt]	зачаровувати, приваблювати
7. goby n	['gqubI]	бичок (риба)
8. habitat n	['hxbItxt]	батьківщина, місце поширення (тварин, рослин)
9. hatch v	[hxC]	вилуплятися, виводитися
10. ichthiology	["IkTI'OlqGI]	іхтіологія
11. inhabit v	[In'hxbIt]	жити, мешкати
12. niche n	[nIC]	сховище, ніша
13. respective n	[rI'spektIv]	відповідний
14. shape n	[SeIp]	форма
15. tendency n	['tendqnsI]	тенденція
16. whale shark n	['weIl'SRk]	китова акула

Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

FISH

Ichthyology is usually defined as “the study of fish” or “that branch of zoology dealing with fish”, and has a long documented history, dating thousands of years back to the ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese, Greeks and Romans.

The first vertebrates evolved in the sea 480 million years ago. Thus, fish were around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals, but they were not like modern fish.

The diversity of fish is larger than of any other vertebrate group. Not only are there more species of fish (25.000) than of all other vertebrates together, but also the range of body shapes and sizes of fish is larger than of mammals, birds or reptiles.

The shapes of fish are also extremely diverse. The maximum size of fish can range from one centimeter in Philippine gobies, to 13-15 meters in the whale shark.

The brain is the organ with the highest energy and oxygen demand, and thus, fish as well as other animals have evolved brain sizes that are neither too small nor too large respective to the niches they occupy in nature.

Tropical fish show a tendency to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counterparts.

Fish inhabit more diverse habitats than any other group of vertebrates, ranging from Himalayan or Andean brooks at 4000 meters to abyssal depth at 10 kilometers. The range of temperatures can be also very large, from minus 2(!) Cº toup to plus 40 (!)Cº.

Fish are beautiful. They have beautiful colors and fascinating body shapes, one of the reasons why people keep them in aquaria.

Fish have a wide diversity of food and feeding habits. Thus fish range from feeding on microscopic phyto- and zooplankton to engulfing entire adult fish, such as is done by whale sharks.

Fish produce a large number of small eggs which become a part of the plankton. There are many fish which give birth to their young.

Дайте відповіді на запитання

1.How do biologists usually define ichthyology?

2. What branch of zoology has a long documented history?

3.When and where did the first vertebrates evolve?

4.Were the first fish like modern fish?

5. How many species of fish exist in nature?

6.What do you know about body shapes and sizes of fish?

7. What is the maximum size of fish?

8.What organ has the highest energy and oxygen demand?

9.What tendency do tropical fish show?

10.Describe the reasons why people keep fish in aquaria.

11.What do you know about feeding habits of fish?

12. What do fish usually produce?

Вправи

I. Згрупуйте подані нижче слова за частинами мови.

Іменник	Прикметник	Дієслово
temperature	smaller	become

Define, range, temperature, body, smaller, fast, shape, wide, diversity, fascinating, shark, hatch, become, deal with, ancient, tendency, Romans, evolve, modern, reptile, diverse, highest, energy, oxygen, demand, occupy, tropical, show.

II. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях, використовуючи слова у дужках.

1.Ichthyology is usually … as “the study of fish” or “that branch of zoology dealing with fish”.

2.The … vertebrates evolved in the sea 480 million years ago.

3.… were around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals.

4.The diversity of fish is larger than of … other vertebrate group.

5.The shapes of fish are also... diverse.

6.The brain is the organ with the highest … and oxygen demand.

7.Tropical fish show … to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counterparts.

8.Fish are beautiful. They have beautiful colors, … body shapes, one of the reasons why people keep them in aquaria.

(fish, fascinating, energy, defined, any, tendency, extremely, first)

III. Складіть речення.

1. The first vertebrates	1.is usually defined as “the study of fish” or “that branch of zoology dealing with fish”
2. Tropical fish	2.produce a large number of small eggs which become a part of the plankton.
3. Fish	3.is the organ with the highest energy and oxygen demand
4. Ichthyology	4.show tendency to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counterparts.
5. Brain	5.were fish, amphibians, reptiles

IV. Відкрийте дужки і поставте дієслова у правильному часі.

1. Ichthyology (to have) a long documented history. 2. The first vertebrates (to evolve) in the sea 480 million years ago. 3. Fish (to be) around long before amphibians, reptiles, birds or mammals, but they (to be) not like modern fish. 4. The shapes of fish (to be) also extremely diverse. 5. Tropical fish (to show) a tendency to be smaller and faster growing than their cold-water counter-parts. 6. Fish (to have) beautiful colors and fascinating body shapes. 7. Fish (to produce) a large number of small eggs. 8. We just (to receive) the latest biochemical magazine. Our students (to study) it. 9. We (to be interested) in new methods of treatment both people and animal diseases. 10. This medicine (to be) of high quality. Our laboratory just (to start) producing it and we already (to receive) a lot of orders for this medicine.

V. Перекладіть слова в дужках, використовуючи слова ( few або a few ).

1. During our last practice we have discussed (декілька) business matters. 2. I have (мало) German books. 3. There are (мало) plants in my native city.4. I have written (декілька) letters to my former schoolmates. 5. My brother has read (мало) English books this year. 6. We have (декілька) foreign students in our college. 7. There were very (мало) people there. 8 Many students were invited but (декілька) came. 9. He has (мало) friends.