| In the Aristotelian classification of government, there were two forms of rule
|
|
| by the few: aristocracy and its (1) …………………. form, oligarchy.
| BASE
|
| Although the term oligarchy is rarely used to refer to contemporary political
| |
| systems, the phenomenon of (2) …………………………. rule by small
| RESPONSE
|
| groups has not vanished from the world. Many of the classical conditions of
| |
| (3)……………….........rule were found until recently in those parts of Asia in
| OLIGARCH
|
| which governing elites were recruited (4) …………………from a ruling
| EXCLUDE
|
| caste - a (5) …………………….social grouping set apart from
| HEREDITY
|
| the rest of society by religion, kinship, economic status, prestige, and even
| |
| language. In the contemporary world, in some countries that have not experi-
| |
| enced the full impact of (6)……………….., governing elites are still often
| INDUSTRY
|
| recruited from a ruling class—a stratum of society that
| |
| monopolizes the chief social and (7)…………………….functions
| ECONOMY
|
| in the system. Such elites have typically exercised power to maintain the
| |
| economic and political status quo. The simple forms of oligarchic rule
| |
| associated with pre- industrial societies are, of course, rapidly disappearing.
| |
| Industrialization produces new, (8) ………………………..elites
| DIFFER
|
| that replace the small leadership groupings that once controlled social,
| |
| economic, and political power in the society. The demands of
| |
| industrialization compel recruitment on the basis of skill, merit, and
| |
| achievement rather than on the basis of (9) …………….social position
| INHERIT
|
| and wealth. New forms of oligarchic rule have also made
| |
| their (10) ………………………..in many advanced industrial societies.
| APPEAR
|
| Although (11) ……………………. elites in these societies are no longer
| GOVERN
|
| recruited from a single class, they are often not subjected to effective
| |
| restraints on the exercise of their power. Indeed, in some circumstances,
| |
| the new elites may use their power to convert themselves into a governing
| |
| class whose interests are protected by every agency of the state.
| |
| Oligarchic (12) ……………........... of a lesser degree have been detected
| TEND
|
| in all the great (13) ……………..structures of advanced political systems.
| BUREAU
|
| The growing complexity of modern society and its government thrusts
| |
| ever greater power into the hands of administrators and committees of
| |
| experts. Even in constitutional regimes, no fully satisfactory answer has been
| |
| found to the question of how these (14) …….....decision makers can be held
| BUREAU
|
| accountable and their powers effectively restrained without, at the same time,
| |
| jeopardizing the efficiency and (15)…….of the policy-making process.
| RATE
|
