Match the abbreviation with its definition

WAP	is	General Packet Radio Service
SMS	Wireless Markup Language
MOO	Hypertext Markup Language
CMC	Extensible Markup Language
GPS	Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
GPRS	Global Positioning System
XML	Multi-User Object Oriented
WML	Computer-Mediated Communication
HTML	Wireless Application Protocol
UMTS	Short Text Message

Make summary of the text

17. Study the text. Find the answers to these questions:

1. What is the predicted Wap phone use by 2005?

2. What developments have made this technology possible?

3. How can you access a favourite website easily?

4. How can one time slot be shared by many users?

5. What peripheral can be attached to some phones?

6. Why cannot Wap phones access all websites

WAP

What is Wap?Wap stands for 'wireless application protocol' which allows users to send emails and access information from the Internet on a mobile phone. This has been made possible by technological advances in ‘bandwidths’, the amount of data that can be received or sent within a fraction of a second. This means that it can be used for many more purposes than were previously imagined, including video transmission. Email. Sending emails is likely to be the application that is used most often, as people will be able to pick up messages at any time from anywhere in the world. Games. Gambling and games, some of which can be downloaded, are also expected to be popular with users. But you can, of course, use the Wap make regular phone calls. Spread. Some analysts reckon that Wap phonies will overtake PCs as the most common way of surfing the Internet, although PCs will still be used for more complex applications such as spreadsheets and video players.

The user is always on-line but is only charged for the amount of data transmitted. One time slot can be shared at the same time by many users. Data, cut into packets, is sent in sequence to the receiver, which builds them back together. Websites and email addresses have to be keyed in via the numbers, though frequent addresses can be storedin the memory and accessed with a key stroke. SMS (Short Message Service) allows the phone to predict likely words from the keystrokes entered with up to 10,000 pre-programmed words which it recognises. Some phones come with miniature keyboards that slot into the bottom. HOW DATA IS SENT

Language.A Wap phone cannot dial into every website. The language of the Web is HTML – hypertextmarkup language. Wap operates on WML – wireless markup language, so Wap phones can only read pages written in WML. Because the screen on a Wap phone is so small that you are unable to read a normal Webpage, WML pages tend to consist of small chunks of information. Soon, however, most webpages will be written in XML - extensible markup language. This can be programmed to ensure that every phone or PC receives transmissions in the language it understands. Internet.Wap allows you to deliver online services to a handheld computer. People are also expected to use Waps to access online news and financial services, sports scores and entertainment information, most of which you should be able to reach by scrolling down a set menu bar. You will also be able to book tickets by Wap.

Lifespan. Some industry experts believe that Wap will have a limited lifespan and will quickly be replaced by more sophisticated technology, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). GPRS increases the bandwidth still further and allows you to send up to ten times more information than Wap technology. However, users will still be limited by the size and resolution of the screen on which the data is received. One analyst, Jakob Nielsen, advises companies to forget Wap and plan, instead, for the next generation of phones. He believes that mobile phones are going to become more like palmtop computers.

18. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:

Wireless application protocol, technological advances, bandwidths, fraction of a second, purposes, video transmission, Spread, reckon, overtake, surfing the Internet, complex applications, spreadsheets, limited lifespan, sophisticated technology, resolution of the screen, next generation of phones, palmtop computers, keystroke, keyed, stored in the memory, miniature keyboards, slot, bottom, sent in sequence, to the receiver, charged for, the amount of data transmitted, dial into, operates on, small chunks of information, is likely, deliver online services, handheld computer, access online news, financial service, sports score, entertainment, scroll down, set menu bar, to book tickets, gambling, are expected to be popular, make regular phone calls.

19. Give English equivalents to the following words and phrases:

Доступ к информации, технологический прогресс, количество данных, передать (2), получить, доля секунды, цель, включая передачу видео, распространение, обогнать персональные компьютеры, сложные приложения, электронные таблицы, аналитики считают, будут быстро заменены, сложные технологии, мобильные телекоммуникационные системы, ограничены размером, разрешение экрана, следующее поколение сотовых телефонов, портативный миникомпьютер, клавиша, нажатие клавиши, угадывать вероятные слова, часто используемые адреса, хранятся в памяти, миниатюрная клавиатура, посылаются вопределенной последовательности, приемник/телефонная рубка, берется плата за, количество переданных данных, беспроводной, невозможно прочитать, обычная Интернет-страница, обеспечить, карманный компьютер, доступ к новостям в сети, спортивный счет, развлечения, заказать билеты, азартные игры, загрузить, сделать обычный телефонный звонок.

PREDICTIONS: CERTAINTY EXPRESSIONS

20. Rank these predictions according to how certain the speakers are. Put the most certain at the top of your list and the least certain at the bottom. Some predictions can have equal ranking.

· Wap phones will revolutionise the way we communicate.

· Wap phones may revolutionise the way we communicate.

· It's likely Wap phones will revolutionise the way we communicate.

· It's unlikely Wap phones will revolutionise the way we communicate.

· It's expected Wap phones will revolutionise the way we communicate.

· It's probable Wap phones will revolutionise the way we communicate.

· It's possible Wap phones will revolutionise the way we communicate.

· Wap phones will certainly revolutionise the way we communicate.

21. Study this list of certainty expressions:

MORE LESS

Verbs   will, will not     could   may   might

Adverbs   certainly   likely, unlikely   probably   possibly

Adjectives   certain   expected   probable   possible

22. Study the predictions made by an expert in 2000 about future developments in computing.Note the certainty expressions he uses. Was he right in his predictions? Has the situation changed today? Discuss in groups.

1. Computers are certainly going to become more powerful and they'll also get cheaper.

2. They’ll become much more commonly available.

3. It's likely they'll be integrated with other devices.

4. They may become specialised devices you throw away when they go wrong.

5. Monitors are going to change from cathode ray tube monitors to flat screen panels.

6. There's likely to be devices used for security, biometric devices, for scanning your eye or taking your fingerprints. They'll be used instead of passwords.

7. More printing will be done in colour. You'll print your holiday snaps straight from a laser.

8. The shape and design of computers are likely to change and become much more varied.

9. You'll be able to talk to your computer to control it without using a keyboard.

10. Another development which I expect to become more common in the near future is video. You'll be able to use your computer as a video recorder and edit video on your computer.

11. I expect the way that software is sold will change. Instead of buying individual packages people may rent or hire the components they need – wordprocessor or whatever – and connect to them over the Internet.

12. Service providers will make different components available and you'll be charged a fee for the ones you use.

13. They won't be able to make computers any more powerful using electronics so other methods may come in for the data signals in the computer. Perhaps laser light or even quantum methods will be used.

14. Computers will probably be integrated more with TV systems and with telephony and become much more communication devices.

15. It's likely much smaller devices will be made... probably built into clothing so that you can walk about wearing a computer which will allow you to communicate wherever you go.

16. At home our fridges, cookers and other devices almost certainly will be computer controlled.

17. There may even be devices implanted into our bodies to help people with disabilities.

18. Computers might be implanted into the human brain.

19. We may not call them computers in the future but they will be everywhere.

23. Make statements about these predictions for the next five years. Use the certainty expressions above. For example:

All school children in my country will have mobile phones.

I think it's unlikely that all school children will have mobile phones but it's probable that many of the older pupils will have them.

1. ATM machines will use iris recognition rather than PIN numbers. You will get access to your account by looking at the machine.

2. People will vote in elections online.

3. Taxis will be robot-controlled.

4. TV journalists will be able to transmit what they see by using sensors in their optic nerves.

5. There will be more robots than people in developed countries.

6. Most computers will be voice-controlled.

7. Mobile phones will replace computers as the commonest way to access the Internet.

8. English will no longer be the commonest language for websites.

9. Email will be replaced by a voice-based system

10. Computers will become more powerful