CONTENTS. 1. Introduction to chemistry 3

1. Introduction to chemistry………………………………………………………...3

2. From the history of chemistry……………………………………………………4

3. D.I. Mendeleev…………………………………………………………………...7

4. Chemistry: key to progress and abundance………………………………………9

5. Fields of chemistry……………………………………………………………...10

6. Symbols, formulas and equations……………………………………………….13

7. Inorganic molecules and compounds…………………………………………...13

8. Periodic Law…………………………………………………………………….14

9. Periodic Table of D.I. Mendeleev………………………………………………19

10. Laboratory equipment…………………………………………………………..20

11. An experiment in laboratory…………………………………………………….24

12. The molecular theory of matter and the states of matter………………………..25

13. Atomic structure………………………………………………………………...27

14. Chemical and physical changes…………………………………………………30

15. Nuclear fission…………………………………………………………………..32

16. Gases……………………………………………………………………………35

17. Liquids…………………………………………………………………………..37

18. Water……………………………………………………………………………39

19. Solids……………………………………………………………………………40

20. Acids and bases…………………………………………………………………41

21. Metals…………………………………………………………………………...43

22. Chlorine…………………………………………………………………………45

23. Hydrochloric acid……………………………………………………………….46

24. Solutions………………………………………………………………………...47

25. Nitrogen…………………………………………………………………………49

26. Silicon…………………………………………………………………………...50

27. Cellulose………………………………………………………………………...52

28. Analytical chemistry. Methods of analysis……………………………………..53

29. Ion exchange methods…………………………………………………………..54

30. Ionization………………………………………………………………………..54

31. Chromatography………………………………………………………………...56

32. Chromatography techniques…………………………………………………….57

33. Gas analysis……………………………………………………………………..58

34. Polymers………………………………………………………………………...59

35. Some applications of polymers…………………………………………………61

36. The nature of polymeric materials………………………………………………62

37. Man-made elements…………………………………………………………….66

38. Microbiological production of industrial chemicals……………………………69

39. The chemical elements essential to life…………………………………………71

40. Plastics…………………………………………………………………………..74

41. Glass and glass products………………………………………………………...76

42. The nature of ceramics………………………………………………………….77

43. Ceramics………………………………………………………………………...81

44. What is ecology?..................................................................................................82

45. The water problem………………………………………………………………84

46. Pollution ………………………………………………………………………..85

47. Environmental protection……………………………………………………….88

48. Radioactivity……………………………………………………………………89

49. Chernobyl nuclear power station………………………………………………..92

50. Protection of the environment…………………………………………………..94

51. Industry of Ukraine……………………………………………………………..95

52. Chemical industry………………………………………………………………96

53. Glass…………………………………………………………………………….99

54. Glass history. Natural glasses. ………………………………………………….99

55. Early glasses…………………………………………………………………...100

56. Modern glasses. Soda-lime-silica glass. ………………………………………101

57. Cutting and drilling of glass. ………………………………………………….103

58. Application of glass……………………………………………………………104

59. Glazing………………………………………………………………………...104

60. Containers …………………………………………………………………….105

61. Optical glass…………………………………………………………………...106

62. Glass fibres for insulation and reinforcement…………………………………107

63. Borate and related glasses……………………………………………………..108

64. Window glass………………………………………………………………….109

65. Sheet wire glass………………………………………………………………..109

66. Stemalite……………………………………………………………………….110

67. Hardened glass for ships port holes……………………………………………110

68. Safety glass for ground transport………………………………………………110

69. Slag glass-ceramic……………………………………………………………..111

70. Mechanics of glass processes…………………………………………………112

71. Types of glass…………………………………………………………………118

72. Glass industry of Ukraine……………………………………………………...121

73. Glossary ……………………………………………………………………….123

74. Reference list …………………………………………………………………125