The Second English Civil War

Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate a secret treaty with the Scots, again promising church reform, on 28 December 1647. Under the agreement, called the "Engagement", the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles' behalf and restore him to the throne on condition of the establishment of Presbyterianism for three years.

A series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. Forces loyal to Parliament put down most of the uprisings in England after little more than skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales, and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges.

In the spring of 1648 unpaid Parliamentarian troops in Wales changed sides. Colonel Thomas Horton defeated the Royalist rebels at the Battle of St Fagans (8 May) and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on 11 July after the protracted two-month siege of Pembroke. Sir Thomas Fairfax defeated a Royalist uprising in Kent at the Battle of Maidstone on 1 June. Fairfax, after his success at Maidstone and the pacification of Kent, turned northward to reduce Essex,

where, under their ardent, experienced and popular leader Sir Charles Lucas, the Royalists had taken up arms in great numbers. Fairfax soon drove the enemy into Colchester, but his first attack on the town met with a repulse and he had to settle down to a long siege.

In the North of England, Major-General John Lambert fought a very successful campaign against a number of Royalist uprisings—the largest that of Sir Marmaduke Langdale in Cumberland. Thanks to Lambert's successes, the Scottish commander, the Duke of Hamilton, had perforce to take the western route through Carlisle in his pro-Royalist Scottish invasion of England. The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the Battle of Preston (17–19 August). The battle took place largely at Walton-le-Dale near Preston in Lancashire, and resulted in a victory by the troops of Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton. This Parliamentarian victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War.

IX. "Revolutions"

• General George Monсk William III and Mary II

1649–1689. Political and religious revolutions racked Britain after Charles I execution, when Britain was a joyless, kingless republic led by Oliver Cromwell. His rule became so unpopular that for many it was a relief when the monarchy was restored after his death, but Cromwell was also a man of vision who brought about significant reforms.

Task 1. Watch the film and find answers to the following questions:

• What questions were asked by people after the execution of the king? (Who would stop the…; pillaging; a strong ruler, who embodies all the people; anarchy)

Embody – воплощать,

Pillage - грабеж

Righteous – уверенный в своей правоте

Rapture -восторг

Grief – горе

• How did religion influence the personality of Oliver Cromwell?

Plight – несчастье

Albion – поэтическое название Британии

Seeker – искатель

Vanities – тщеславие, здесь - все мелкое

Untrustworthy – недостойные доверия

• How did Oliver Cromwell’s career develop? ( East Anglia country gentleman; a sense of divine appointment; supremely confident; a driving force of the godly revolution; never reckless; an aura of invincibility began to cling to him,

Novice – новичок

Reckless -безрассудный

Invincibility – непобедимость

Idolatry – поклонение идолам

Incorruptible – непогрешимый

• Who was the head of Levellers*, what was the role of women levellers? (John Lilburn, a petitioning campaign, Elizabeth Lilburn)

* The Levellers were a political movement during the English Civil War which emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance, all of which were expressed in the manifesto "Agreement of the People". From July 1648 to September 1649 they published a newspaper The Moderate,^[1] and were pioneers in the use of petitions and pamphleteering to political ends. They identified themselves by sea-green ribbons worn on their clothing.

• How did Cromwell suppress a mutiny in Ireland? (atrocity, what it wasn’t – was an indiscriminate butchery of women and children, no eyewitnesses of that; in any case it was an act of unspeakable murder; 3000 soldiers butchered at Drogheda, the vast majority after they had surrendered and disarmed; not a genocidal lunatic but a narrow-minded, pig-headed protestant bigot and English imperialist; pacification)

Atrocity – чудовищная жестокость

Indiscriminate – без разбора

Butchery – бойня, побоище

Eyewitness – свидетель

Surrender – сдаваться в плен

Bigot – самоуверенный

Pacification -умиротворять

• What kind of republic was Cromwell’s Britain? (exhausted, time to heal, the Rump*, niceties were tossed aside, musketeers, Parliament was shut down, coup d’etat*, from mere bullying to outright dictatorship, Assembly, piety, he was working for God, unworkable Assembly collapsed, he was king in all but name, piety and pragmatism were at odds (сталкивались) in his heart, the blueprint of Constitutional Monarchy,)

* The Rump Parliament is the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged (очистил) the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the intention to try King Charles I for high treason. "Rump" normally means the hind end of an animal;(хвост)

*Coup d’etat – государственный переворот

• What happened after Cromwell’s Death? (General George Monсk, restoration, He was a king full of charisma, Tyburn*, voting for joy over piety, this was the king for whom his alpha and omega was the real world, 1664 – a comet, apocalypse, the plague, 1666 – the Great fire of London)

Exile -изгнание

*Tyburn was a village in the county of Middlesexclose to the current location of Marble Arch in present-day London. For many centuries, the name was synonymous with capital punishment, its having been the principal place for execution of London criminals and convicted traitors, including many religious martyrs.

· How did London change after the Great Fire? (13200 houses burned, Christopher Wren, 50 new churches)