Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages

The MiddleAges ( 500 AD – 1450 AD ) are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains of ecclesiastic science and the church. Written translation as well as oral interpretation naturally continued to be employed during the Middle Ages in interstate relations, in foreign trade and in military affairs. Due to the work of an army of translators, practically all Christian literature was translated during the Middle Ages in most European countries. Moreover, in some countries translations greatly helped to initiate their national literary languages and literatures. The example may be found in English history – the translation of the Latin work Cura Pastoralis under the English title The Shepherd’s (Pastor’s) Book by the abbot Aelfric.

The first approach of word-for-word translation was practiced in the Toledo school in Central Spain (12-13^th AD). Among the works translated there were scientific (in alchemy), mathematical works, philosophy, medicine, etc. In Northern Spain there existed another school of translation of “sense-to-sense” approach with many omissions, additions. It dominated in Europe up to the 18^th century. The only voice against “freedom” in translation was raised by the English scientist and philosopher Roger Bacon (1214? – 1297).