XII. Answer the questions and discuss your opinion with your classmates

1) What is the food industry beginning?

2) What is the beginning of its development?

3) Is food industry a highly development branch of industry?
UNIT II. FOODS AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS.

Words to know:

substance ['sΛbst(ə)ns] – вещество

combine [kəm'ba Ι n] – сочетать(ся), объединять(ся), комбинировать

generally [' en(ə)rəl Ι ] – обычно, вообще

constituent [kən'st Ι tjuənt] – составная часть, составляющая

carbohydrate ['kα:bo(u)'ha Ι d(e) Ι t] – углевод

supply [sə'pla Ι ] – снабжать, поставлять; снабжение, запас

rich (in) [r Ι t∫] – богатый чем-либо

poor (in) [puə] – бедный чем-либо

make up [me Ι k] – составлять

be made up of – состоять из

fat [fæt] – жир

such as [sΛt∫] – такой, как; как например

carbon [kα:bən] – углерод

hydrogen [ha Ι dr Ι ən] – водород

oxygen [ ksi (ə)n] – кислород

nitrogen [nα Ι tr Ι ən] – азот

I. Read and translate the following words without a dictionary:

Material, element, phosphorus, soya, rice, macaroni, organic, gramme, olive, functioning, muscle, nerve, vitamin, cocoa, cream, minerals, extremely, utilize, nuts, beans, peas, potatoes, teeth, blood

II. Choose the right translation of the following words:

1. разнообразный: 1) vary; 2) various; 3) variety

2. потребность: 1) requirement; 2) require; 3) required

3. производить: 1) produce; 2) production; 3) productive

4. различный: 1) differ; 2) difference; 3) different

5. здоровый: 1) health; 2) healthy; 3) healthless

6. строить: 1) builder; 2) building; 3) build

7. переваривать: 1) digestive; 2) digest; 3) digestion

8. чрезвычайно: 1) extremely; 2) extreme; 3) extremeness

9. использование: 1) utilize; 2) utilized; 3) utilization

III. Choose the right answer to complete the sentences:

1. Centimeter is a... unit than a meter.

1) small; 2) smaller; 3) smallest

2. Fresh food is... than tinned food.

1) good; 2) better; 2) best

3. Rice is one of the... sources of vitamins.

1) poor; 2) poorer; 3) poorest

4. Some people eat mainly vegetables as they think that they are... than animal foods.

1) healthy; 2) more healthy; 3) most healthy

5. Glucose is the... form of sugar.

1) simple; 2) simpler; 3) simplest

6. The animal proteins are... for the body than the vegetable proteins.

1) essential; 2) more essential; 3) most essential

7. Citrus fruits are... sources of vitamin C.

1) good; 2) better; 3) best

IV. Read and translate the text:

There are six main classes of nutrients that the body needs: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. It is important to consume these six nutrients on a daily basis to build and maintain healthy bodily function.

PROTEINS are absolutely necessary for building and repairing our bodies. Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements, such as phosphorus and sulphur. Proteins are built up of smaller units, the amino-acids* The richest sources of proteins are such animal foods as meat, fish, cheese, eggs, milk, and such vegetable foods as soya beans, bread, peas.

The body requires amino acids to produce new body protein (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance) that are lost in the urine. In animals amino acid requirements are classified in terms of essential (an animal cannot produce them) and non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen containing compounds) amino acids. Consuming a diet that contains adequate amounts of essential (but also non-essential) amino acids is particularly important for growing animals, who have a particularly high requirement.

Sugars and starches, known as CARBOHYDRATES, are digested rather quickly and supply energy for the body. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Foods rich in carbohydrates are fruit, honey, bread, cakes, potatoes, rice, macaroni.

FATS are also made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Fatty foods are considered to be good sources of energy, but people who eat too much of them become overweight. Fats are found in butter, cream, milk, oily fish, meat, olive oil, sunflowerseed oil.

Your body also needs other materials called VITAMINS and MINERALS. They are present in small amounts but we know them to be extremely important for the proper functioning and growth of the body.

There are more than 20 different minerals in the body. The human body contains 65 per cent oxygen, 18 per cent carbon, 10 per cent hydrogen, 3 per cent nitrogen, about 2 per cent calcium and 1 per cent phosphorus. Then there are small quantities of sulphur, chlorine, magnesium, iron, copper, iodine, fluorine, cobalt, zink and others.

Three of the most important minerals are calcium, phosphorus and iron. Calcium and phosphorus work together. The bones and teeth have 99 per cent of the calcium in the body, in the form of calcium phosphate. If people have enough calcium and phosphorus their bones and teeth will be strong and hard. In addition, their muscles, nerves and heart will work correctly. Milk and hard cheeses are the best sources of calcium. Calcium compounds are present in fruits, vegetables and fish, phosphates in eggs, meat and fish. In general, if one gets enough protein and calcium he will also get enough phosphorus.

The red colour of the blood is the colour of the hemoglobin, which contains one atom of iron among its ten thousand atoms. As iron carries oxygen, people who do not have enough iron do not get enough oxygen for their normal activities. Iron is found in kidney, liver, other meat products, some vegetables, dried fruits and bread.

A small quantity of iodine is also necessary for good nutrition - probably less than one ten-thousandth of a gramme daily. Deficiency of iodine results in an overgrowth of the thyroid gland. Sea foods are rich in this element.

Nutritionists think there are 13 vitamins that humans need. Vitamins are important because they prevent diseases and help to control body processes. Vitamin A is important for healthy skin and eyes. People who do not have enough vitamin A may have night blindness. Some automobile accidents happen in the evening because people who lack vitamin A do not see the road well after they look at the bright headlights of a car. Vitamin A in the diet comes from deep yellow fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, dark green leafy vegetables and milk, liver, cod-liver oil.

When people have enough B vitamins, their appetite is good and their nerves are calm. B vitamins come from meat and vegetables, milk, cheese and whole grain. When grain is processed it loses vitamins.

Vitamin C helps skin tissues to recover from cuts and burns. Vitamin C is supplied by tomatoes, citrus fruits like lemons and oranges, by cabbage and green peppers. Rose-hip syrup and blackcurrants also supply it.

Vitamin D is called the "sunshine" vitamin. When people are outside, ultraviolet rays from the sun change some fat in their skin to vitamin D. It is also in cod-liver oil, in the yellow of the eggs, milk and butter. Vitamin D helps the body to absorb calcium. It helps to build strong bones, and it prevents a disease in children that is called rickets.

Other vitamins (E, K, M, etc.) prevent other diseases, but all of them have a function in normal nutrition.

V. Make up sentences, translate them:

Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Fatty foods

are said turned out are considered are known appear

to be digested quickly. to be the best sources of energy. to be the most important materials in food. to consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. to be built up of aminoacids.

We know Nutritionists found We consider People believe Doctors noted Experiments showed

animal foods proteins the richest sources of protein vitamins carbohydrates

to be very important. to be the best sources of proteins. to supply energy for the body. to be meat, fish, milk, bread, peas. to be body-builders. to help our body to stay healthy.