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Part III. Grammar supplement



§1 Table of Tenses (Active, Passive)

The Active Voice
  Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
  Обычное, привычное, повторяющееся. (usually; always; every; as a rule.) –V + S в 3 лице ед. числа Длящееся в определённый момент времени. (now; at 2 o’clock; at this moment.) to be +V’ing Законченное к определённому моменту времени. (just; already; yet; this…; by.) to have +3f. Начатое но незаконченное действие. (for; since.) to have been +V’ing
Present I ask. Do you ask? He asks. Does he ask? I don’t ask. He doesn’t ask. I am asking. He is asking. Are you asking? He is not asking. I have asked. He has asked. Have you asked? Has he asked? I have not asked. I have been asking. He has been asking. Have you been asking? I have not been asking
Past (yesterday; ago; last…; дата в прошлом) I asked. I brought. Did I ask? I didn’t ask. I was asking. I was bringing. Was I asking? I was not asking. I had asked. I had brought. Had I asked? I hadn’t asked. I had been asking. I had been bringing. Had I been asking? I had not been asking.
Future (next…; tomorrow; in(через); дата в будущем) I shall ask. He will ask. Will you ask? I shan’t ask. He won’t ask. I shall be asking. He will be asking. Will he be asking? I shan’t be asking. I shall have asked. He will have asked. Will he have asked? He won’t have asked. I will have been asking. Will you have been asking? I will not have been asking.
Future-in-the-past (He said…) He would ask. He would be asking. He would have asked. He would have been asking.
Если сказуемое состоит из нескольких частей то его изменяемая часть – Первая!
The Passive Voice To be+ 3f. Действие направленное на подлежащее. (сь, ся, ют, ет.)
Present I am told. The work is done. I am being told. The work is being done. I have been told. The work has been done. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Past I was told. The work was done. I was being told. The work was being done. I had been told. The work had been done. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Future I shall be told. The work will be done. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I shall have been told. The work will have been done. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
§2 Modal Verbs
  can may must
Present can may must
Past could might ----
Future ---- ---- ----
  SUBSTITUTES    
  to be able to to be allowed to to have to, to be to
Present I am able to I am not able to Are you able to …? I am allowed to… I am not allowed to… Are you allowed to…? I have to… I don't have to… Do I have to…?
Past I was able to I was not able to … Was I able to…? I was allowed to … I was not allowed to… Was I allowed to…? I had to … I didn't have to… Did I have to…?
Future I will be able to… I will not be able to Will you be able to…? I will be allowed to… I will not be allowed to… Will I be allowed to…? I will have to… I will not have to Will I have to…?

Can - физическая или умственная возможность выполнения действия

May - разрешение выполнения действия

Must – долженствование выполнения действия

Ought to - моральный долг

Should - совет, рекомендация выполнения действия

Need - необходимость выполнения действия





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