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The great depression of the 1930s demonstrated that, at least in the short run, the market system does not automatically lead to full employment. In the ^General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" (1936), John Maynard Keynes argued that market forces could produce an equilibrium with high unemployment of indefinite duration. For example, if people are worried about the possibility of losing their jobs in the near future
INIT 10. BUSINESS CYCLE AND BUSINESS TRENDS
they will probably start (1) ______ money and consume less, which will lead to a fall in
demand, and consequently in production and employment. In such circumstances, producers will clearly not be interested in making new investments. So people's savings
will remain unused, and the economy will settle into a new (2)_________ at a lower level of
activity - with fewer goods being produced, fewer people employed, and reduced rates of income and investment. Classical economic theory stated that in the long run, excess
savings would cause (3)____ to fall and investment to increase again. Keynes disagreed,
arguing that market economies are inherently unstable and without a self-correcting mechanism, except perhaps in the long run - but as he famously put it, "in the long run, we are all dead'.'
Keynes therefore recommended governmental intervention in the economy, to
counter the business cycle. During an inflationary (4)________ governments could decrease
their spending or increase taxation. During a recession, on the contrary, they could
increase their expenditure, or decrease taxation, or increase the (5) ___________ and reduce
interest rates, so as to stimulate the economy and increase output, investment, consumption and employment. Keynes also argued that even a small amount of
additional government spending or an increase in private investment causes (6)_________ to
expand by an amount greater than itself, because of the multiplier effect: the new money is repeatedly re-spent, except for the proportion that people choose to save.
Дата публикования: 2014-12-25; Прочитано: 474 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!