I AM A STUDENT 3 страница

Training in higher medical institutions of Great Britain lasts about 8 years. The graduates get University degrees, a BM (Bachelor of Medicine) and a BS (Bachelor of Science). To enter the medical college you have to pass an entrance exam for GCE (General Certificate of Education).

Usually the applicants are about 17-18 years old who have already finished six years of primary and six years of secondary schools. Every medical college *keeps to its own policy. But most of them *take into account progress at school, reference papers from school and results of the personal interview with an appllicant.

There are four periods of study in medical colleges. They are the following: the pre-medical, the pre-clinical, the introductory clinical and the clinical periods. Every University has its own rules concerning what to study and how much to study. But there are certain basic principles. The academic year consists of 3 trimesters.

The pre-medical period (the first year) is devoted to studying Chemistry, Physics, Botany and Zoology.

During the pre-clinical period (the second year and two trimesters of the third year) the students study Anatomy, Embryology, Histology, Physiology, Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry and in many colleges they study Psychology too.

The introductory clinical period (the third trimester of the 3^rd year) is devoted to the clinical work. During the clinical period the students have their practice in therapeutic, surgical or obstetric departments of the hospitals and have practical classes in Pathology and Bacteriology, Pharmacology and Therapy, Psychiatry, * Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical Ethics and Public Health-Service.

The main qualification exams are held at the end of each period of study. Having passed the final exam the students get degree of a BM and BS. These degrees have the right for primary registration. To receive a doctor’s qualification you have to work for a

year as an intern or resident in one of the specially organized for this purpose hospitals. The legal right to practice medicine does not depend on degrees or diploma. It is granted

by the Central Medical Council (CMC) as a result of registration. The CMC has a list of all the doctors in the country who havethe legal right to practice medicine.

The graduates may get a degree of a Doctor of Medicine if they make a thesis or pass a special exam.

Notes:

* to keep to one’s own policy ['pOlIsI] - дотримуватись своїх правил (лінії поведінки)

* to take into account [q'kaunt] - враховувати

* Forensic Medicine [fO'rensIk 'mFdsIn] – судова медицина

Questions about the text:

1. How long does the training in higher medical institutions of Great Britain last?

2. Is there a centralized principle for the choice of students in Great Britain?

3. What can you say about the entrance exams?

4. How many periods of study are there in medical colleges? What are they?

5. What can you say about each period? Describe them.

6. When are the main qualification exams held?

7. What do the students get after final exams?

8. What right do these degrees give?

4. What is necessary to do in order to receive a doctor’s qualification?

5. By whom is it granted?

Summary

Higher medical education in Great Britain is difficult. It lasts for 8 years of hard study. There are 4 periods of study at medical colleges. They are: pre-medical, pre-clinical, introductory clinical, and clinical periods. The academic year consists of 3 trimesters. The pre-medical period is the first year of study. The students study Chemistry, Physics, Botany and Zoology. During the preclinical period they study Anatomy, Histology and Physiology. During the introductory clinical period the students begin to study clinical subjects. During the clinical period the students have medical practice in hospitals and polyclinics. After the course of studies medical students pass final exams and get degrees of BM and BS.

ABOUT MYSELF. MY FAMILY

Increase your vocabulary:

to consist of	[kqn'sIst]	складатися з
rather	['ra:Dq]	досить таки
therapeutist	["Terq'pju:tIst]	терапевт
to deal with	['dI:l]	мати справу з
patient	['peISqnt]	пацієнт
skilled	[skIld]	досвідчений
physician	[fI'zISn]	лікар
surgeon	['sq:Gqn]	хірург
to graduate from	['grxdjueIt]	закінчувати (вищий навчальний заклад)
deep	[dI:p]	глибокий
knowledge	['nOlIG]	знання
research	[rI:'sq:C]	дослідницький
hard	[ha:d]	старанно

My name is …. I am 18. I am a first-year student of Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial University. My family consists of 4 members: mother, father, elder sister and me. My mother is rather young, she 38. She is a therapeutist. She deals with many patients every day, helps them, gives them advice. She is a skilled physician. My father is a surgeon. He is 43. He works at the hospital like my mother. He is *a highly-qualified specialist. My elder sister’s name is Kate. She has just graduated from our university. She is a dentist.

At our university there are many *scientific students’ societies, and I am a member of biological society, because I am fond of Biology and I am going to have deep knowledge in it, take part in research work and conferences.

My hobby is swimming. As *I am busy as a bee, I visit my swimming-poolonly twice a week. Going in for sport helps me *to keep myself in a good form. Our students study hard but many of us visit various sport clubs, university parties, take part in students’ conferences. I am very glad that I am a first (second) - year student of our university, one of the best universities in Ukraine.

So, as Vinnytsya is my native town, I am going to tell about it. (див. текст “Vinnytsya” як зразок)

Notes:

* to be a highly-qualified specialist – бути високо-кваліфікованим спеціалістом

* to be busy as a bee – працювати як бджілка

* scientific students’ society – науковий студентський гурток

* to keep oneself in a good form – бути в гарній формі

Questions about the text:

1. What are you?

2. How old are you?

3.Where do you study?

4. Are you a first or a second-year student?

5. What is your mother’s profession?

7. What can you say about your father’s profession?.

8. Do you take part in the work of any students’ societies?

9. What is your hobby?

10. Do you work hard at the University?

6. Are you glad that you are a first (second) – year student of our University?

DRUGS(ліки)

Increase your vocabulary:

substance	['sAbstqns]	речовина
to cure	[kjuq']	лікувати, вилікувати
treatment	['trI:tmqnt]	лікування
prevention	[prI'venSn]	профілактика
suffer	['sAfq]	страждати
pain	['peIn]	бі біль
source	[sO:s]	джерело
plant	[pla:nt]	рослина
root	[ru:t]	корінь
mold	[mquld]	пліснява
hormone	['hO:mqun]	гормон
secretion	[sI'krI:Sqn]	виділення
gland	[glxnd]	залоза
to contain	[kqn'teIn]	вміщувати
generic	[GI'nFrik]	загальний
property	['prOpqtI]	якість, властивість
brand	[brxnd]	марка, якість
private	['praIvit]	приватний
competitor	[kqm'pFtItq']	конкурент
manufacturer	[mxnju'fxkCqrq]	виробник, підприємець
definite	['defInIt]	точний, ясний, визначений
standard	['stxndqd]	стандард
committee	[kq'mItI]	комітет, комісія
pure	[pju:q']	чистий, ясний, чіткий, дійсний
main	[meIn]	головний, основний
cough	[kOf]	кашель
mixture	['mIksCq']	мікстура, суміш
laxative	['lxksqtIv]	проносний засіб
analgesic	[xnxl'Gi:sIk]	знеболюючий засіб
ointment	['OIntmqnt]	мазь
major	['meIGq']	основний, головний
to cause	[kO:z]	викликати, впливати
to administer	[qd'mInIstq']	призначати
orally	['O:rqlI]	через рот
injection	[In'GFkSqn]	ін’єкція
rectum	['rFktqm]	пряма кишка
inhalation	[Inhq'leISn]	інгаляція

Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the cure, treatment or prevention of disesases in man and animals. They can come from different sources and are obtained from plants such as roots, leaves and fruits. For example, antibiotic penicillin is obtained from plants called molds.

Drugs can also be obtained from animals, for example, hormones and secretions from glands of animals.

Drugs can be made from chemical substances in laboratories. Some drugs are contained in food, they are called vitamins.

A drug can have three names:

1. The chemical name is the chemical formular for the drug.

2. The generic name is public property and any drug manufacturer may use it.

3. The brand name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it.

There are some definite standards for drugs set by independent commitee. Two of these important standards are that the drug must be clinically useful and available in pure form.

The drugs can be classified according to their action. The main groups are: antiseptics, cough mixtures, laxatives, tonics, analgesics, ointments and others.

Therapeutic effect, side effect and allergic reaction are the major characteristics of drugs.

One should remember about the reaction of drugs on the body. Too little of the drug causes it to be ineffective while an overdosage may be fatal. Children and aged people are more sensitive to drugs and require a smaller dose than others.

Drugs are administered in four ways: orally (through the mouth); parenterally(by injection); rectally (into the rectum), and by inhallation.

Notes:

* to be available – бути доступним, бути в розпорядженні

* according to – згідно з, відповідно до

* side effect – побічний ефект

* one should take into consideration – треба прийняти до уваги

Questions about the text:

1. What are drugs?

2. Where are drugs obtained from?

3.What is the chemical name of the drug?

4. What is meant by the generic name of a drug?

5. What can you say about the brand name of a drug?

6. What are the two important standards of the USP?

7. How can the drugs be grouped?

8. Describe the major characteristics of drugs?

9. What are the requirements for drugs for children and aged persons?

5. In what ways are drugs administered?

Summary

Drugs are chemical substances for treatment or prevention of diseases. They relieve suffering and pain. Drugs come from different sources. They are obtained from plants and animals. And they are made from chemical substances in laboratories. Usually drugs have three names: the chemical name, the generic name and the brand name. All drugs are grouped according to their action. There are antiseptics, analgetics, sedatives, laxatives, tonics and other drugs. The main characteristics of drugs are: therapeutic effect, side effect and allergic reaction. Drugs are administered orally, parenterally, rectally and by inhallation.

U

AT THE CHEMIST ’S(в аптеці)

(for the students of pharmaceutical faculty)

Increase your vocabulary:

proper	['prOpq]	відповідний, властивий, належний
reception	[rI'sepSn]	прийом, отримання
prescription	[prI'skrIpSqn]	рецепт, приписування
delivery	[dI'lIvqrI]	доставка
medicine	['medsIn]	лікарський препарат
powder	['paudq]	порошок
ampule	['xmpu:l]	ампула
intramuscular	["Intrq'mAskjulq]	внутрішньом’язовий
intravenous	["Intrq'vi:nqs]	внутрішньовенний
injection	[In'GFkSn]	ін’єкція
tube	[tju:b]	трубка, пробірка
ointment	['ointmqnt]	мазь
cough	[kOf]	кашель
headache	['hedeIk]	головний біль
disinfectant	["dIsIn'fektqnt]	дезинфікуючий засіб
herb	[hq:b]	трава, лікарська трава
label	[leibl]	етикетка
personnel	["pq:sq'nel]	штат, персонал
supply	[sq'plai]	постачання

*Chemist’s shop is a specialized shop where medicines are sold. It has a hall for visitors, two departments for selling drugs, and proper working groups.

The department for reception of prescriptions and delivery of drugs is called a prescription department. The other one is called a chemist department. At the prescription department medicines are sold or made *according to prescriptions. Here one can see medicines of all kinds: boxes and parcels of different powders, ampules used for intramuscular and intravenous injections; tubes of ointments; different pills and tablets for internal use; tonics and sedatives administered orally.

At the chemist department one can buy also different things for medical care and medical plants. At this department medicines are kept according to their therapeutic effect: drugs for cough, cardiac medicines, drugs for headache. Disinfectants, herbs and things for medical care such as *hot water bottles, *medicine droppers, thermometers are kept separately.

At the chemist’s all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, on the open shelves and in the refrigerator. Poisonous drugs are kept in the drug cabinet with the letter A. Strong effective drugs are kept in the drug cabinet having the letter B.

Every small bottle or box has a label with the name of the medicine. There are labels of four colours for the drugs prepared at the chemist’s: labels of a green colour indicate medicines for internal use; blue labels indicate drugs used for injections. Drugs for external use have labels of a yellow colour. Drugs used for treatment of eyes diseases have labels of a pink colour.

The personnel of the chemist’s consists of: a manager, a *dispensing pharmacist, a chemist controlling the prescription and a chemist-analyst. There is also a pharmacist who is *in charge of the supply of necessary medicines.

Notes:

* according to - відповідно до..., згідно

* chemist’s shop - аптека

* hot water bottle - грілка

* medicine dropper - крапельниця, піпетка

* dispensing pharmacist - фармацевт, який відпускає ліки

* to be in charge - бути відповідальним

Questions about the text:

1. Where can we buy medicines?

2. How many departments are there in the Chemist’s Shop?

3. At what departments can you order drugs?

4. Where are all drugs kept?

5. What is stuck on every bottle and box containing some drugs?

6. What labels are stuck to indicate drugs for internal use?

7. What drugs have yellow labels stuck on?

8. What is usually written on a signature or a label, which is stuck on a bottle?

9. Why is the dose to be taken indicated on the label?

10. What kind of medicines can we buy at the Chemist’s Shop?

Summary

There are many chemists’ shops in our town.. Some of them are state but many others are private. Chemist’s shop is a specialized shop where medicines are sold. There are two departments at the chemist’s shop: a prescription department and a chemist department. At the chemist’s department we can buy medicines immediately. At the prescription department we can order some drugs. Every box or bottle has a label with its name. There are labels of four colours: yellow, blue, green and pink. Yellow labels indicate drugs for external use. Blue labels indicate drugs for injections. Labels of a green colour indicate medicines for internal use and labels of a pink colour indicate drugs for treatment of eye diseases. At the chemist’s shop we can buy everything necessary for medical care.

MY WORKING DAY

Increase your vocabulary:

a proverb	['prOvq:b]	прислів’я
to disturb	[dIs'tq:b]	турбувати
an alarm clock	[q'la:m]	будильник
to brush teeth	[brAS tI:T]	чистити зуби
to comb	[kqum ]	розчісувати
a canteen	[kxn'tI:n]	столова
additional	[q'dISqnl]	додатковий
a quarter	['kwO:tq']	чверть
to guess	[gFs]	думати, вважати
valuable	['vxljuqbl]	цінний
to chatter	['Cxtq']	спілкуватись

A am a first (second) year student of the Medical University. Every day I have much necessary work to do. I always remember the proverb: “The lost time is never found again”. That’s why I try to *work against time. I have to get up early in the morning I should *mind my business.

At half past six I am disturbed by sound of my alarm clock. I do my morning exercises, make my bed, myself, brush my teeth, comb my hair. *I dress up in no time. Then I have my breakfast. It takes me ten minutes. My mother cooks the breakfast for me. Then I go to the University. Usually I get to the University on foot, but when *I am in a hurry I get there by trolleybus. As a rule, I come to the University in time, but sometimes I am late and our professor *takes an extremely grave view at my being late. I attend lectures and practical classes every day. My favourite subject is Biochemistry. Prof. Smirnov *delivers lectures in his own way. *I sit hardly daring to breathe during his lectures. At half past twelve we have our break. I go to the student’s canteen where I have lunch (dinner). To have lunch at the café *is beyond my means. I often visit the library to get additional information on some subjects.

Our lectures and practical classes are over at a quarter to 5 p.m. Sometimes I come back home *dead tired but I guess every gives me much valuable and necessary knowledge.

In the evening I get ready for my classes. On Sundays I have enough time for chattering with my friends. Usually I go to bed at 11 p.m.

Notes:

* to work against time – вкластися вчасно

* to mind my business – пам’ятати про справу

* to dress up in no time – одягнутися миттєво

* to be in a hurry – поспішати

* to take an extremely grave view at – похмуро дивитися на

* to deliver lectures – читати лекції

* to sit hardly daring to breathe – сидіти, затамувавши подих

* to be beyond one’s means – бути неспроможним заплатити

* dead tired - смертельно втомлений

Questions about the text:

1. Which year student are you?

2. What do you do every morning?

3. How long does it take you to get to the University?

4. Do you get to the university in time?

5. In what way do you get to the University?

6. How many lectures and practical classes do you have every day?

7. When are your lectures and practical classes over?

8. When do you go to bed?

Summary

I am a first (second) year student of the Medical University. Every day I have much necessary work to do. Usually I get up at seven o’clock in the morning. I make my bed, wash myself, brush my teeth and dress. Then I have my breakfast. After that I go to the University. We have lectures and practical classes every day. Our classes finish at 5 p.m. After the classes I go home and have dinner. Sometimes I go to the reading-room to read some books. In the evening I get ready to the practical classes in Anatomy, Histology, Chemistry, Microbiology and other subjects. I go to bed at 11 (eleven) o’clock in the evening.

MY FUTURE SPECIALITY(моя майбутня професія

speciality	[ spFSI'xlItI]	спеціальність
pharmacy	['fRmqsI]	фармація
pharmaceutist	[fRmq'sjHtIst]	фармацевт, провізор
pharmacist	['fRmqsIst ]	аптекар, фармацевт
to master	['mRstq]	оволодівати, удосконалювати
volume	['vOljHm]	об’єм
to purchase	['pq:CIs ]	закупати, придбати
to compound	kqm'paund]	з’єднувати
to dispense	[dIs'pens]	готувати і відпускати (ліки)
reception	[rI'sepSqn]	реєстратура, прийом
prescription	[prI'skrIpSqn]	рецепт, ліки
delivery	[dI'lIvqrI]	доставка
manager	['mxnIGq]	менеджер, управляючий
to plan	[plxn]	планувати
production	[prq'dAkSqn]	продукція

I am a student of pharmaceutical department. I study pharmacy. My future speciality is a pharmacist. To be a good specialist in future means to study well at the University. The students who master pharmacy take general and special courses. The students study Biology, Physics, Maths, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology, Technology of drugs, *Organization and Economy of Pharmacy, Marketing and Management, etc.

During the period of studies students have practice in chemist’s shops. Here they get knowledge of the equipment of the chemist’s and the work of pharmacists in general. They learn how to plan the work of the chemist’s and what volumes of drugs to purchase.

A chemist’s shops is a specialized shop. Here drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored and sold. An average chemist’s has a hall for visitors, departments for selling drugs and proper working rooms. The department for reception of prescriptions and delivery of drugs is called a *prescription department. Another department is the *chemist department where drugs are sold without a prescription.

After graduating from the pharmaceutical higher educational school the future specialists can work as managers, assistants, *dispensing pharmacists, chemist-analists, chemist-technologists, pharmaceutical economists. Graduates can also work in different scientific research institutions, pharmaceutical plans, chemistry laboratories. They can become legal experts too. They can master their speciality in state enterprises and private firms. It is a very interesting and useful speciality.

Notes:

* Organization and Economy of Pharmacy – організація та економіка фармації

*prescription department – рецептурний відділ

*chemist department - відділ готових лікарських форм

*dispensing pharmacist – фармацевт, що відпускає ліки (рецептар)

Questions about the text:

1. Are you a student of pharmaceutical department?

2. What do we need to a good specialist?

3. What subjects do you study?

4. Do the students have practice in chemist’s shop?

5. Where can one work with a pharmacy diploma?

6. What do they learn in chemist’s shop?

7. Where would you like to work in your future?

Summary

I am a student of pharmaceutical department. I study pharmacy. My future speciality is a pharmacist.We study general and special subjects. The students also have practice in chemist’s shop. They watch the work of the chemist’s department and the prescription department. They also help to prepare drugs by prescription. The students learn how to plan the workof the chemist’s shop. In future the students of pharmaceutical department can work at chemist’s shops and pharmaceutical firmsand companies. It is a very interesting and useful profession.

D. I. MENDELEYEV

Increase your vocabulary:

Siberia	[saI'bIqrIq]	Сибір
Gymnasium	[GIm'eIzIqm]	гімназія
alcohol	['xlkqhOl]	спирт
initiator	[I'nISIeItq]	ініціатор
Society	[sq'saIqtI]	гурток
era	['Iqrq]	ера
row	[rqu]	ряд
upper	['Apq']	верхній
layer	['leIq']	шар, пласт
atmosphere	['xtmqsfIq']	атмосфера

Dmytro Ivanovych Mendeleyev, the great Russian scientist and the father of the Periodic Table of Elements, was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, in 1834. He received a secondary education at the Tobolsk Gymnasium and at the age of 16 he entered St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute and *graduated from it successfully. Then he received his Master’s degree in Сhemistry. Some years later, he received his Doctor’s degree for a work on the combination of alcohol with water.

Since 1866 during 25 years he was the professor of Chemistry in St. Petersburg, where he delivered lectures in theoretical, organic and technological chemistry. In 1868 he was one of the initiators of Russian Chemical Society.