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A. Classification of Ancient Germanic Tribes

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Record	Languages	Tribes	Settlement
- 4^th c. B.C. – Pytheas, Greek astronomer and geographer - 1^st c. B.C. – Julius Caesar< Roman general and statesman - 1^st c.A.D. – Pliny the Elder, Roman naturalist: classification of the Germanic tribes:	East Germanic	The Vindili (including the Goths and the Burgundians)	Eastern part of Germanic territory
	Western Germanic	The Ingaevones	North-western part of Germanic territory, the shores of the Northern Sea, modern Netherlands
		The Istsaevones	The western part of the Germanic territory, on the Rhine (the Franks)
		The Hermiones	Southern part of the Germanic territory (southern Germany)
	Northern Germanic	The Hilleveones	Scandinavia
- 2^nd c. A.D. Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historian	Characterized the	social structure of the	old Germanic tribes

4. Linguistic features of Germanic Languages A. Phonetics:

In PI-E - stress both musical and force/expiratory, position of stress free
in PG: force/expiratory stress dominant, on the first syllable – root (prefix); suffixes, endings unstressed
stressed and unstressed vowels underwent different changes

PG * fiskaz Goth fisks Oicel fiscr OE fisc

B. the First or Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law):

1 act	2^nd act	3d act
[p] ® [f] pater – fadar [t] ® [θ] tres reis [i:] [k] ® [h] cor(d) - heorte	[b] ® [p] слабый – slepan [d] ® [t] древо – treow [g] ® [k]горе - caru	[bh]® [b] bhrata – broðor [dh]® [d] vidhave –widve [gh]® [g] гость - Gast
	[bh – b - - p – f ] [ dh – d - t- θ ] [ gh – g – k – h

C. Verner’s Law

Latin	Greek	Sanskrit	Gothic	Old English
Pater	pater	pitar	fadar	fFder
	[t]		[›]?? [d]

[ f – v- b] seofon

[θ – ð – d] O Icel hundrað – hunder

[h – g] Goth swaihro –OE sweger

[s – z – r] Lat auris – Goth auso – Icel eyra (ear)

The change of [z] into [r] is called rhotacism.

· Grammatical Interchange:

Ceosan – curon (past pl) - choose

Death – dead

Was – were

Raise – rear

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Дата публикования: 2014-11-28; Прочитано: 1060 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

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