Завдання 4

а) Проаналізуйте подані нижче групи однокореневих слів щодо їх форми, значення та належності до певної частини мови:

place - to place - to replace - placement;

to train - to retrain - training;

gene - genetic;

magnet - magnetic - to magnetize - magnetization - magnetism;

to lead - leader - leading;

to act - actor - action - acting - to react - reaction;

to recognize - recognition;

to conduct - conductivity - superconductivity - conductor;

voice - voiceless- voiced- to voice;

to develop - development - developments;

to describe- description;

to design - to redesign - design - designer;

art - artificial — artist - artistic;

to consider - consideration;

medicine - medicines - medical - medication;

biology - biological - biologist.

Завдання 5. Прочитайте подані нижче словосполучення, в яких один іменник є означенням іншого. Перекладіть їх.

acid rain, time period, iron ore, steam engine, coal mine, craft people, bronze age, information age, space age, knowledge base, science fiction, voice recognition, life forms, work week, space base, problem situation.

Завдання 6. Утворіть потрібну форму дієслів:

a) When you (look) at stars, you really (look) back in time hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years. The light that we (see) shining from stars (take) time to travel to earth. Even though light (travel) very fast (186,282 miles per second), stars are very far away. You probably (see) the North Star, for example. The light you (see) is really 680 years old! It is strange to think that the light you (see) when you (look) at the North Star (leave) the star during medieval times.

b) Advancements in technology (give) us the quality of life we enjoy today. It is easy to see how the speed of technology (increase) when you chart it on a type of graph called a timeline. In this activity you will organize and chart some of the events in history that (lead) to the high level of technology we (have) in our world today.

Завдання 7. Прочитайте текст, намагайтеся якомога точніше зрозуміти і запам'ятати його зміст.

Text 3

Future Technology

Technology touches almost every part of your life today. With technology comes change - change in the way people do things, change in the way machines work and change in how we think. Changes in technology took place very slowly before the Industrial Revolution. Now with so many new inventions and improvements on older inventions, change occurs faster than ever. Some people say our knowledge base (all the facts known to people today) is doubling every two to three years. When something changes, and keeps changing faster and faster, we call it an exponential rate of change. You can imagine how much knowledge there is now and how the knowledge base is growing.

How will technology shape your future? It's hard to say for sure, but you can be sure that future technologies will make your life easier or more productive. That is why technology is here. Future technologies should also bring good changes that fit the environment and our needs. You may hear words such as genetic engineering or biotechnology, voice recognition, superconductivity, magnetic levitation, and artificial intelligence. These are all areas where technology is being put to use for the future. Some of them used to be considered science fiction. Now they are real. Here are brief descriptions of a few future technologies. Genetic Engineering or Biotechnology is the ability to design or redesign life forms. Developments in biotechnology or genetic engineering can lead to better production of food, prevention of disease, and improved medicines. Voice Recognition is a computer's ability to react to a person's voice. Instead of using a keyboard, you will give commands by voice. Superconductor is a material that loses all resistance to electricity, usually at low temperatures. This property is unusual because all materials have some resistance. Anything that uses electricity could benefit from this technology. Magnetic Levitation means trains that float above a magnetic field instead of using wheels on a track. Levitating trains reduce the friction made when two materials rub against each other. Levitation also makes it possible for trains to go over 300 miles per hour safely. Programming a computer to be able to reason through a problem as well as any person is called Artificial Intelligence. The computer would then be able to recognize problem situations and make the right decision. This means that the computer would be able to figure out what it needs to know on its own instead of being told!

Advancements in one field often lead to advancements in another field. In the future, you may find more robots replacing people in industry. In fact, many factories will be run totally by robots. As computers improve, so will robots. They will eventually be able to assemble products as well as make the parts. This means that people will have to be retrained to find other jobs.

People like you will have shorter working hours. Some people predict that the work week, which now averages around 40 hours per week, will be only half that in less than 50 years. What will you do with all your free time?

Manufacturing will be important in space, too. Factories on space bases will operate automatically. They will use natural materials from the space environment and will use solar energy for power. Space robots will perform well-defined tasks in some cases, but, with the improvement of artificial intelligence, robots will be more "intelligent." They will be capable of making logic decisions and with robotic vision, will actually recognize different objects.

We live in an exciting age of rapid technology growth. Keeping up with this rapid growth doesn't have to be frustrating. Learning about technology is fun! Technology is putting knowledge to use. You will learn that it is important to use your hands and your mind to solve problems.

Technology offers you the opportunity to explore the fascinating world in which you live.

Завдання 8. Перекладіть рідною мовою виділені в Тексті 3 речення.

Завдання 9. а) Визначте, які з поданих нижче речень відповідають змісту Тексту 3:

1. Before the Industrial Revolution changes in technology took place very fast.

2. Now new improvements and inventions occur very seldom.

3. Our knowledge base has not grown significantly in the last decade.

4. Future technologies will make our life more productive.

5. Genetic engineering, magnetic levitation, voice recognition used to be considered science fiction and are so even today.

6. Only some materials have resistance.

7. The computer will be able to make the right decision.

8. You will see that advancements in one field will lead to advancements in another field.

9. With robots, computers and all similar complex devices we will have to work longer hours.

10. Factories in space will need a lot of people to operate them.

б) Виправте неправильні твердження.

Завдання 10. Знайдіть у тексті речення, в яких:

а) присудок стоїть у пасивному стані;

б) використовуються порівняльні конструкції;

в) використовується питальний порядок слів.

Перекладіть ці речення рідною мовою.

Завдання 11. Перекладіть подані нижче речення англійською мовою:

а)

1. Нині розробляється багато нових технологій для вирішення складних питань.

2. Сплав отримують шляхом змішування двох чи більше металів.

3. У залізну епоху знаряддя виготовлялися із заліза.

4. Залізо використовується в промисловості і в наш час.

5. Нова історія поділяється на декілька етапів.

6. В індустріальний період було винайдено багато машин.

7. Ліс, рослини, кістки тварин та інші природні матеріали були відомі людям у кам яному віці як сировина для виготовлення потрібних їм речей.

б)

1. Бронза міцніша за інші метали.

2. Усе більш важливим стає розвиток виробництва в космічному просторі.

3. Тепер ми маємо більше корисних машин та знарядь, які допомагають нам у роботі та повсякденному житті.

4. Техніка розвивається все швидше і швидше.

5. За допомогою нових машин люди почали виготовляти різноманітну продукцію швидше і змогли зробити її дешевшою.

6. Нові технології полегшать наше життя.

7. Без розвитку техніки ми не зможемо просуватися далі.

8. У майбутньому завдяки новій техніці люди матимуть коротший робочий день.

в)

1. Що таке техніка?

2. Як ми використовуємо природні ресурси?

3. Чи змінить техніка наше майбутнє?

4. Завдяки чому наше життя стане легшим?

5. Коли темпи розвитку техніки значно зросли?

6. Які періоди має розвиток техніки?

7. Що таке сплав?

Завдання 12. Поставте запитання до виділених частин поданих нижче речень:

1. Superconductor is a material that loses all resistance to electricity, usually at low temperatures.

2. A computer's ability to react to a person's voice is called voice recognition.

3. In the future many factories will be run totally by robots.

4. Factories on space bases will operate automatically.

5. With technology comes change.

6. Our knowledge base is doubling every two or three years.

7. Future technologies will make your life easier and more productive.

Завдання 13. Виберіть із тексту слова, які є ключовими для опису науки майбутнього.

Завдання 14. Дайте визначення таких понять:

knowledge base, exponential rate of change, science fiction, superconductivity, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, robotics.

Завдання 15. Сформулюйте основну ідею тексту у 7-10 реченнях.

Завдання 16. Поставте 10 питань до Тексту 3 таким чином, щоб вони склали план переказу тексту.

Завдання 17. Перекажіть текст, використовуючи складений вами план і ключові слова із Завдання 13.

Завдання 18. Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть поданий нижче текст, звертаючи особливу увагу на виділені речення та словосполучення:

With the increased store of knowledge available and the widening of the field of engineering to include diverse branches, it is usual to find groups or teams of engineers and scientists working on a single project. Where formerly an individual could absorb and understand practically all of the scientific knowledge available, now the amount of information is so vast that an individual can retain and employ at best only a part of it.

Since 1900 the ratio of engineers and scientists in the United States in comparison to the total population has been steadily increasing.

Year	Ratio of US engineers and scientists to population
	1 to 1800 1 to 190 1 to 130 1 to 65 1 to 35

There will be an even greater increase in technological advances in the next 20 years than there has been in the past 20 years.

In this age, as in any age, the engineer must be creative and must be able to visualize what may lie ahead. He must possess a fertile imagination and a knowledge of what others have done before him. As Sir Isaac Newton is reputed to have said, „If I have seen farther than other men, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants". The giants of science and engineering still exist. All any person must do to increase his\ her field of vision is to climb up on their shoulders.

Завдання 19. Доберіть синоніми до поданих нижче слів та словосполучень:

amount	to retain
field	total
vast	steadily
store	advance
to employ	advances
visualize	possess

Завдання 20. Поясніть, як ви розумієте висловлення Ньютона (Завдання 18). Яких гігантів він мав на увазі? Висловіть свої міркування з цього приводу англійською мовою.

«Computer generations».

COMPUTER GENERATIONS

A computer program will always do what you tell it to do, but rarely what you want to do.

Murphy's Laws of Computing

Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the computer. For better or worse, computers have infiltrated every aspect of our society. Today computers do much more than simply compute: scanners in supermarkets calculate our grocery bill while keeping store inventory; computerized telephone switching centres play traffic cop to millions of calls and keep lines of communication untangled, etc.

But everything started in 1940s with the onset of the Second World War when the rapidly advancing field of electronics led to construction of the first general-purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. That device contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute. Its program was wired into the processor and had to he manually altered. This way the firsl generation of computers appeared.

Governments sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance. This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress. In fact, the first generation computers were characterized by the fact that cadi computer had a different binary-coded program called a machine language that told it how to operate. This made the computer difficult to program and limited its versatility and speed. Other distinctive features of first generation computers were the use of vacuum lubes and magnetic drums for data storage.

By 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer's development. The use of the transistor in computers began in tin: late 1950s. It marked the advent of small-ei. faster elements than it was possible to create with the use of vacuum-tube machines. As a result, the size of electronic machinery has been shrinking ever since. Coupled with early advances in magnetic-core memory, transistors led to second generation computers that were smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient than their predecessors. Throughout the early 1960 s, there were a number of commercially successful second generation computers used in business, universities, and government.

Jack Kilby, an American engineer, developed the integrated circuit in 1958. flic integrated circuit combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, which was made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit even more components on a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. They were computers of the third generation. Another third-generation development included the use of an operating system that allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.

After the invention of integrated circuits, the only placeto go was down — in size. In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer for use in the office, home and schools. The 1980»s saw an expansion in computer use, made the personal computer even more affordable. The number of personal computers in use doubled in 1982. fen years later, 65 million PCs were being used. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, working their way down from desktop to laptop computers, which could fit inside a briefcase, then to palmtop which are able to fit inside a breast pocket. In direct competition with IBM's PC was Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in 1984. Notable for its user-friendly design, the Macintosh offered an operating system that allowed users to move screen icons instead of typing instructions.

Users controlled the screen cursor using a mouse, a device that mimicked the movement of one's hand on the computer screen.

Defining the fifth generation of computers is somewhat difficult because the field is in

«Modern computers».