Use the expressions given in the box below to complete the responses to some questions in exercise 3

1. ……….. hereditary diseases are ailments caused by inherent defects in the genetic apparatus of the cell that are transmitted hereditarily through gametes.

2. ……….. Monogenous hereditary diseases are controlled by one gene and are subject to Mendelian laws (i.e. hemophilia A). Polygenous hereditary diseases are controlled by a summary effect of several different genes and are inherited according to the additive-polygenous principle, most likely with a threshold effect of the limiting factor.

3. ……….. mutations are the basis of hereditary pathology, ……….. they are not identical to the hereditary pathology.

4. ……….. like all other ailments, hereditary diseases are caused by certain factors effective in particular conditions against the background of the reactivity of the organism.

5. ……….. The effect of gene mutations may be compensated or altered either by the action of other genes, or by the environment, or by counter mutation defensive mechanisms at the cellular or organism level and so on.

6. ……….. there are no diseases determined exclusively by mutation. There are no diseases whose cause, development and effects are completely unaffected by heredity. Heredity is the basis for the reactivity of the organism. The effect of age and sex on the reactivity can be seen as the result of unfolding of the genetic programme.