Read the words and give their Russian equivalents

Nouns: test, model, canal, propeller, tunnel, acceleration, period, amplitude, function, contour, distance, system.

Verbs: test, experiment, circulate, design.

Adjectives: vertical, horizontal, maximum, minimum, extreme.

Grammar: Modal Verbs and their Equivalents

a)	necessity, obligation долженствование	—	must (n’t), (don’t) have to, be to, should (n’t) — должен
b)	ability, possibility возможность	—	can (‘t), could, be able to — мочь, уметь
c)	permission разрешение	—	may, be allowed to — мочь, иметь разрешение

Models:

a) obligation

You must (have to, should) do this work carefully (должен).

You had to do this work yesterday (должен был).

He is to visit our country next summer (должен, планирует).

You mustn’t copy (не должен списывать, запрещается).

You shouldn’t tell lies (не должен).

b) possibility, ability

He can (is able to) translate the text himself (может).

He could (was able to) translate this text at the last lesson (мог).

c) permission

I may (am allowed to) work in the laboratory (могу, имею разрешение).

You will be allowed to work in the laboratory next week (разрешат).

Note:

We use have / has to to talk about obligation. It usually means that somebody else (not the speaker) wants somebody to do something.

E.g. People have to pay taxes. (It’s the law).

Do they have to work?