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B) Explain the words in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you
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7 Give the English equivalents to the following and use 5 of them in small situations:
основной характерный признак; естественная система цвета; добавить и удалить; передаваемый словами; исключая необходимость визуального сопоставления; определенная функция; алкидная смола (полимер); окисляться на воздухе; застывать (густеть) при высыхании; увеличиться за счет наполнителей; смесь органических и неорганических красок и пигментов; вызывать (приводить к) полимеризацию; проникать в поверхность; контролировать гниение и плесень (грибок); в зависимости от конкретного применения; смесь пчелиного воска; смолы лиственницы и растительных масел.
8 Read and give a literate translation of the text and make 5 questions to it:
Polyurethane varnishes are typically hard, abrasion-resistant, and durable coatings. They are popular for hardwood floors but are considered to be difficult or unsuitable for finishing furniture or other detailed pieces. Compared to simple oil or shellac varnishes, polyurethane varnish forms a harder, decidedly tougher and more waterproof film. However, a thick film of ordinary polyurethane may de-laminate if subjected to heat or shock, fracturing the film and leaving white patches. This tendency increases with long exposure to sunlight or when it is applied over soft woods like pine. This is also in part due to polyurethane's lesser penetration into the wood.
Unlike drying oils and alkyds which cure, after evaporation of the solvent, upon reaction with oxygen from the air, true polyurethane coatings cure after evaporation of the solvent by a variety of reactions of chemicals within the original mix, or by reaction with moisture from the air. Certain polyurethane products are "hybrids" and combine different aspects of their parent components. "Oil-modified" polyurethanes, whether water-borne or solvent-borne, are currently the most widely used wood floor finishes.
Exterior use of polyurethane varnish may be problematic due to its heightened susceptibility to deterioration through ultra-violet light exposure. UV-absorbers are added to polyurethane and other varnishes (e.g. spar varnish) to work against UV damage but are decreasingly effective over the course of 2–4 years, depending on the quantity and quality of UV-absorbers added as well as the severity and duration of sun exposure. Water exposure, humidity, temperature extremes, and other environmental factors affect all finishes. In other words, the only coat of varnish with near perfect durability is the one stored in a vacuum, in darkness, at a low and unvarying temperature. Otherwise, care and upkeep are required.
| LANGUAGE FOCUS |
9 Use the words below to complete the sentences:
Wood finishing refers to the process of embellishing and/or protecting the surface of a wooden material. The process starts with 1) _____ preparation, either by sanding by hand, scraping, or planing. Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using wood putty or pores may be filled using wood 2) _____. Often, the wood's colour is changed by staining, 3) _____, ammonia fuming and a number of other techniques. To avoid blotching, a barrier coat such as shellac or "wood conditioner" is 4) _____ before the stain. Gel stains are also used to avoid blotching.
Once the wood surface is prepared and stained, a number of 5) _____ of finish may be applied, often sanding between coats. Commonly used wood finishes include wax, shellac, 6) _____ (such as linseed oil or tungoil), lacquer, varnish, or paint. Other finishes called "oil finish" or "Danish oil" are actually thin 7) _____ with a relatively large amount of oil and solvent. Water-based finishes can cause what is called "raising the grain" where surface fuzz emerges and requires sanding down.
Finally the surface may be 8)_____or buffed using steel wool, pumice, rotten stone and other polishing or rubbing 9) _____ depending on the shine desired. Often, a final coat of wax can be applied over the finish to add a slight amount of protection.
Special tools used to apply wood 10) _____ include rags, rubbing pads, brushes, and spray guns.
| bleaching, finishes, coats, surface, drying oils, filler, polished, applied, varnishes, compounds |
10 Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:
| Wood stain is a product 1)_____for protecting wooden surfaces and giving them a decorative finish. Wood staining can be used to obtain the desired colour, to accentuate the 2)_____ beauty and texture of the wood, to imitate precious wood or conceal blue stain damage and other 3)_____. In 4)_____ to that, wood stains are used for protective purposes. The stains for surfaces indoors help to prevent 5)_____ caused by the UV 6)_____; the stains for surfaces outdoors also protect the wood from the adverse effects of weather. Most of wood 7)_____ are transparent or semi-transparent and only tone the wood without masking it, but 8)_____ opaque, fully masking stains are also available. However, even opaque stains leave the texture of the wood visible. Stains are available in a 9)_____of tones from 10) _____wood tones to various bright modern colours. | DESIGN NATURE DEFECT ADD YELLOW RADIATE STAIN NEAR VARY TRADITION |
11 Fill in the gaps in the following passage with a suitable preposition given below:
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