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Cast stone

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Cast stone is a type of 1)_____ material designed to imitate different types of real stone. Created in the middle ages, cast stone is now used throughout modern construction and, with the right ingredients, can 2) _____ a wide variety of real 3) _____ at a reduced cost and with greater strength.

Cast stone is both strong and highly customizable. While the 4) _____ingredient of most cast stone is Portland cement, makers add a variety of other 5) _____, including sand, various grains of other minerals and even 6) _____ pigments to change the color. As a result, cast stone can be made to resemble limestone, granite, quartz, blue stone, marble and many other types of real stone at a more affordable price. It can even replace brick or be 7) _____ into a brick pattern that looks authentic but lasts longer than real bricks. This makes cast stone a versatile substance that can be used throughout a building.

Cast stone should not be confused with architectural 8) _____concrete. They are used for similar projects, but the purpose of cast stone is to 9) _____or function as a type of real stone, while precast concrete is always concrete gray and made of similar materials. Precast concrete is a more affordable option, especially when 10) _____ the outside of houses or buildings in which there is no need to replicate the look of a particular type of stone.

base, imitate, components, building, coloring, precast, decorating, resemble, molded, minerals

10 Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:

Marble is metamorphosed limestone in which the calcium carbonate has been recrystallised into a mosaic of approximately equal-sized calcite crystals. The process, if complete, will remove all traces of fossils, the size of the crystals being 1) _____ dependent on the duration of the process. Some limestones which can be 2)_____ are 3)_____ as marble, but true marble will not contain any fossillised remains. Calcite itself is white, so a pure marble is white and translucent. The colour sand veining characteristics of many marbles are associated with impurities within the 4)_____ limestone; they range from red, pink, violet, brown, green, beige, cream and white to grey and black. Marble is attacked by acids; therefore honed, rather than 5)_____ surfaces, are recommended for external 6) _____. Marbles are generally hard and dense, although fissures and veins sometimes require filling with epoxy resins. For external 7) _____ above first floor level 40-mm-thick slabs are used, although 20 mm may be appropriate for internal linings and external cladding up to first floor level. 8)_____ cramps and hooks should be in 9) _____ steel, phosphor bronze or copper. Floors labs, to a minimum 10)_____ of 30 mm, should be laid on a minimum 25 mm bed. Marble wall and bathroom floor tiles are usually between 7 mm and 10 mm in thickness. (From Materials for Architects and Builders)

LARGE POLISH SELL ORIGIN HIGH APPLY CLAD FIX STAIN THICK

11 Fill in the gaps in the following passage with a suitable preposition given below:

Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally 1) _____ some individual crystals larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as porphyry. Granites can be pink 2) _____ dark gray or even black, depending 3) _____ their chemistry and mineralogy. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors, and rounded massifs. Granites sometimes occur 4) _____ circular depressions surrounded 5) _____ a range of hills, formed 6) _____ the metamorphic aureole or hornfels.

Granite is an igneous rock and is formed 7) _____ magma. Granitic magma has many potential origins but it must intrude other rocks. Most granite intrusions are emplaced 8) _____ depth 9) _____ the crust, usually greater than 1.5 kilometers and 10) _____ 50 km depth within thick continental crust.

at by (x2) from in on to up to with within

12 Puzzle out the crossword:

E M E C H A N I C L A Y

L N E R G Y O G A S L C

E C G Q U I Z L S C L O

M O D I F I C A T I O N

E N I E N E L Z L L Y C

N S R R O E S I E L O R

T T B C A V E E T O O E

I R O O F O B R I C K T

A U R B A N A S I T E E

U C E M E N T N I N I O

S T I M B E R Z E E G O

A R C H I T E C T U R E

1. Механик. 2. Часть, элемент. 3. Замок. 4. Мост. 5. Крыша. 6. Площадка. 7. Строить. 8. Бетон. 9. Строительство. 10. Лесоматериал. 11. Пещера.12. Глина. 13. Сплав.14. Городской. 15. Кирпич. 16. Газ. 17. Архитектура. 18. Видоизменение. 19. Цемент. 20. Викторина. 21. Стекольщик.

13 Find and correct 10 mistakes, both spelling and grammar, in each text:

a. Most granites are hardly and dense, and thus form high durable building materials, virtually impermeable to water, resistant in impact damage and stable within industrial environments. The appearance of granite is signiﬁcantly affect by the surface ﬁnish which may be saw, rough punched, picked, ﬁne tooled, honed or polished. It is, however, the highly polished form of granite which are most effective at displaying the intensity of the colours and reflectivity of the cristals. Granite is available for flooring and for hard landscaping including pavings, setts and kerbs. Polish granite is also useing as a kitchen countertop material due to its strengf, durability and high-quality ﬁnish.

b) The use of cast stone begins in the second century in Europa, where it was maked specifically for castles and churches. The molds allowed masons to be much most precise in their sculpting and to repeat the same kreation over and over again. As the centuries pass, cast stone became more popular as a component of manors and mansions, where builders used it to add designs to the corners of builders or to provided a stone sheet to cover brik walls. By the 1900s, cast stone had been using in a variety of construction projects.

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