Fill in Participle I or Participle II

1. Some commercial pilots flew small planes for air-taxi companies, usually to or from lightly … (travel) airports not … (serve) by major airlines.

2. Fewer flight engineers will be … (need) as new planes … (require) only two pilots replace older planes that require flight engineers.

3. Earnings of aircraft pilots and flight engineers vary greatly … (depend) whether they work as airline or commercial pilots.

4. Opportunities with air cargo carriers also should arise because of … (increase) security requirements for … (ship) freight on passenger airlines and so on.

5. Pilots … ( attempt) to get jobs at the major airlines will face strong competition.

6. Pilots who have … (log) the greatest number of flying hours … (use) sophisticated equipment typically have the best prospects.

7. Some airlines also provide allowances to pilots for … (purchase) and … (clean) their uniforms.

8. Most pilots … (employ) by one major airline are members of the Allied Pilots Association.

9. In the long run, demand for air travel is … (expect) to grow along with the population and the economy.

Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.

1. a number …flights 2. to compete … something 3. receive payment … every hour 4. … addition 5. … the long run 6. … this reason 7. to grow … with the population 8. to get jobs … the major airlines 9. because … increasing security requirements 10. planes … operation 11. an advantage … other applicants

Speaking

Make dialogues.

Variant 1. Student A: You are a pilot. You work in a small local commercial company. You do different kinds of jobs such as dusting crops, transporting workers to the place of their work, firefighting, doing environmental surveys and so on. You have met an old friend from the flight school and share pros and cons of your present job.

Student B: You are a flight engineer. You work for a big passenger airline. You have met an old friend from the flight school and share pros and cons of your present job.

Variant 2. Student A: You are a pilot in command. You work for British Airlines. The company has offered you to change for a new super jet as a copilot. You are to undergo a short training. You are discussing the future training and change in your career with the copilot.

Student B: You are a copilot and work for British Airlines. The pilot in command of your crew was offered to change for a new super jet. You are rather ambitious and want to work in the same crew with him. You are discussing the possibility of the change with your pilot.

Use the plan to the text that you worked out in 3.5 to retell the text.

Appendix 4

Supplementary texts

Text 1

Work environment. Mechanics usually work in hangars or in other indoor areas. When hangars are full or when repairs must be made quickly, they may work outdoors, sometimes in unpleasant weather. Mechanics often work under time pressure to maintain flight schedules or, in general aviation, to keep from inconveniencing customers. At the same time, mechanics have a tremendous responsibility to maintain safety standards, and this can cause the job to be stressful.

Frequently, mechanics must lift or pull objects weighing more than 70 pounds. They often stand, lie, or kneel in awkward positions and occasionally must work in precarious positions, such as on scaffolds or ladders. Noise and vibration are common when engines are being tested, so ear protection is necessary.

Aircraft mechanics usually work 40 hours a week on 8-hour shifts around the clock. Overtime and weekend work is frequent.

Text 2

Training and Qualifications of Aircraft Mechanics and Avionics Equipment Service Technicians

Most workers learn their jobs in 1 of about 170 trade schools certified by the FAA. Most mechanics who work on civilian aircraft are certified by the FAA as an airframe mechanic or a powerplant mechanic.

Education and training. Although a few people become mechanics through on-the-job training, most learn their jobs in 1 of about the 170 schools certified by the FAA. About one-third of these schools award 2-year and 4-year degrees in avionics, aviation technology, or aviation maintenance management.

FAA standards established by law require that certified mechanic schools offer students a minimum of 1,900 class hours. Coursework in schools normally lasts from 18 to 24 months and provides training with the tools and equipment used on the job. Aircraft trade schools are placing more emphasis on technologies such as turbine engines, composite materials including graphite, fiberglass, and boron and aviation electronics, which are increasingly being used in the construction of new aircraft.

Courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, electronics, computer science, and mechanical drawing are helpful because they demonstrate many of the principles involved in the operation of aircraft, and knowledge of these principles is often necessary to make repairs. Recent technological advances in aircraft maintenance require mechanics to have an especially strong background in electronics to get or keep jobs in this field.

Courses that develop writing skills also are important because mechanics are often required to submit reports. Mechanics must be able to read, write, and understand English.

A few mechanics are trained on the job by experienced mechanics. They must be supervised by certified mechanics until they have FAA certificates.

Licensure. The FAA requires at least 18 months of work experience for an airframe or powerplant certificate, although completion of a program at an FAA-certified mechanic school can be substituted for the work experience requirement. Mechanics and technicians also must pass an exam for certification and take at least 16 hours of training every 24 months to keep their certificate current. Many mechanics take training courses offered by manufacturers or employers, usually through outside contractors.

The FAA also offers a combined certificate that allows for certification as both an airframe and a powerplant mechanic, the A&P certificate. For a combined A&P certificate, mechanics must acquire at least 30 months of experience working with both engines and airframes, or experience combined with the completion of an FAA-certified mechanic school program. FAA regulations also require current work experience to keep the A&P certificate valid. Applicants must have at least 1,000 hours of work experience in the previous 24 months or take a refresher course. Most airlines require that mechanics have a high school diploma and an A&P certificate. Applicants for all certificates must pass written and oral tests and demonstrate that they can do the work authorized by the certificate.

Text 3

Aerospace engineering is the primary branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and science of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. The former deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere, and the latter with craft that operate outside it.

Aerospace Engineering deals with the design, construction, and study of the science behind the forces and physical properties of aircraft, rockets, flying craft, and spacecraft. The field also covers their aerodynamic characteristics and behaviors, airfoil, control surfaces, lift, drag, and other properties. Aerospace engineering is not to be confused with the various other fields of engineering that go into designing elements of these complex craft. For example, the design of aircraft avionics, while certainly part of the system as a whole, would rather be considered electrical engineering, or perhaps computer engineering. Or an aircraft's landing gear system may be considered primarily the field of mechanical engineering. There is typically a combination of many disciplines that make up aerospace engineering.

While aeronautical engineering was the original term, the broader "aerospace" has superseded it in usage, as flight technology advanced to include craft operating in outer space. Aerospace engineering, particularly the astronautics branch, is referred to colloquially as "rocket science".

Flight vehicles are subjected to demanding conditions such as those produced by extreme changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature, with structural loads applied upon vehicle components. Consequently, they are usually the products of various technological and engineering disciplines including aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, materials science, structural analysis and manufacturing. The interaction between these technologies is known as aerospace engineering. Because of the number of disciplines involved, aerospace engineering is carried out by teams of engineers, each having their own specialised area of expertise.

The development and manufacturing of a modern flight vehicle is an extremely complex process and demands careful balance and compromise between abilities, design, available technology and costs. Aerospace engineers design, test, and supervise the manufacture of aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space.

Text 4

Aerospace engineering may be studied at the advanced diploma, bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others. A few departments offer degrees in space-focused astronautical engineering. The Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) in the Netherlands offers one of the top European aerospace educational and research platforms. In 2009, U.S. News & World Report ranked the undergraduate aerospace engineering programs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, and the University of Michigan as the top three best programs at doctorate granting universities in the United States. The other programs in the top ten were Purdue University, California Institute of Technology, University of Maryland, University of Illinois, Stanford University, University of Texas at Austin, and Virginia Tech in that order. Some other premier aerospace engineering programs at universities do not grant doctorate degrees. University of Kansas School of Engineering has earned more first and second place AIAA awards than any other academic institution in the world in the 42-year history of the competition.

In Canada, the University of Toronto has a quality aerospace engineering program. The aerospace program requires the students to go through a competitive program called Engineering Science. The academic program in aerospace science and engineering includes undergraduate and graduate studies. Carleton University and Ryerson University are other top aerospace and mechanical engineering universities in Canada which offer accredited graduate and under-graduate degrees. The Royal Military College of Canada offers an Aerospace engineering degree offered by the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department since 2008. It is a rigorous program with a high amount of additional credits students must earn.

In the UK, Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied at the B.Eng., M.Eng., MSc. and Ph.D. levels at a number of universities. The first institution in the UK to teach in this field was Queen Mary, University of London. The The Times' top 10 universities are University of Cambridge, University of Surrey, University of Bristol, University of Southampton, Queens University Belfast, University of Sheffield, Newcastle University, University of Bath, Imperial College London, Loughborough University and University of Nottingham for 2010. The Department of Aeronautics at Imperial College London is noted for providing engineers for the Formula One industry, an industry that uses aerospace technology.

Text 5

Position Title: Aerospace Fluid Mechanical Systems Engineer

Salary: £26000 - £29000/annum to £29K

Location: Avon, South West, South West

Date Posted: 06/06/2012

Agency/Employer: Gregory-Martin International

Description: Aerospace Fluid Mechanical Systems Engineer – Fuel Systems

Our client provides high-end technical and project management services to the prime aerospace companies and are involved in some of the most challenging and exciting aerospace projects in the world. They currently require an Aerospace Fluid Mechanical Systems Engineer with significant and appropriate engineering systems experience to join their Aerospace Systems team in Bristol. The role involves providing support to the avionics team within the fuel systems environment working on aircraft development programmes. The support will be based around Avionics design such as working with principal drawings to propose avionics architecture layouts using AFDX or CANBUS etc. Additionally, qualification and testing related support will also be required.

You will help to achieve numerous deliverables specific to the program such as the A400M fuel system. These include reports, plans, attending supplier meetings, liaising with stakeholders etc and ensuring that the team is complaint with maturity gate expectations in line with programme timescales. The role will include taking ownership of fluid mechanical equipment such as a pump and ensuring that the equipment successfully goes through design, development, testing and qualification states through a technical bias.

Some work outside normal office hours may be necessary. Travel to and from client sites and/or temporary secondment to client's offices may also be required.

Qualifications, skills and experience required for this role:

The Aerospace Mechanical Fluid Systems Engineer will have the following qualifications/experience –

• Degree qualified in Mechanical or Aeronautical Engineering or equivalent, with significant and appropriate systems engineering experience.

• Systems Engineering Processes (such as the AIRBUS Requirements Based Engineering Process)

• Active Aerospace domain knowledge (such as flight dynamics, fuel systems, landing gear etc)

referred but automobile experience considered.

• Experience of writing specifications

• Experience working with suppliers and other systems

• Knowledge of System Interfaces and Integration including working with Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA), researching IMA strategies and Built in Test Equipment related experience.

• Experience with using ARINC 429, AFDX, CANBUS or other network protocols.
Ideally you will also have:

• Experience in using DOORS.

• An understanding of qualification and certification.

• Experience in avionics or related technical area.

Applicants for this position must have the right to work in the UK without restriction.

Aerospace Fluid Mechanical Systems Engineer – Fuel Systems

Keywords – Aerospace, Fluid, Mechanical, Systems, Avionics, Doors

Salary £26K-£29K – Location – Bristol, Avon, South West.

Job Type: Permanent

Start Date: ASAP

Job Ref: 104213792

Text 6

Position Title: Aerospace Systems Engineer to £45k + bens

Salary: £22000 - £45000/annum benefits

Location: Bristol, South West

Date Posted: 13/06/2012

Agency/Employer: Three People

Description:

Various Aerospace Systems Engineer positions available within the following core disciplines: Avionics & Control, Hydro/Electro Mechanical & Structural Design (£22,000 to £45,000 - depending on experience).

Based: Bristol

The Aerospace Systems Engineer will work within the Aerospace Systems Business Unit and be primarily focused (although not exclusively) toward one of the core disciplines: Avionics & Control, Hydro/Electro Mechanical & Structural Design.

The Systems Engineer's responsibilities will include:

· Delivery of engineering projects in terms of time, cost and quality

· Interpretation, planning and delivery of projects to customer specification

· Preparation and presentation of technical deliverables

· Report and/or line management duties

· Building and maintaining relationships with customers

Our client is a leading Engineering Consultancy specialising in structures, dynamics, control and systems engineering in aerospace, marine and other industries. The Aerospace Systems Business Unit is involved in many areas including Rotary & fixed wing, Military & civil and small (1 tonne) through to large (300 tonne+) aircraft.

The Aerospace Business Unit is heavily engaged in landing gear, fuel & flight control systems engineering, so experience in the following areas would be advantageous:

· Actuation systems (electrical, hydraulic & combinations thereof)

· Control Systems (flight control, braking/steering/extension & retraction etc.)

· Monitoring Systems (usage, prognostics, diagnostics etc.)

· Primary aircraft structure (landing gear, airframe etc.)

· Research & Technology (future technology assessments)

The successful Aerospace Systems Engineer will be degree qualified in an engineering discipline (or possess suitable experience / qualifications) and will have an understanding of mechanical and/or avionic systems. Relevant industry experience is desirable, as are excellent communication and presentation skills and familiarity with MS Office applications e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook.

If you wish to be considered for the role of Aerospace Systems Engineer, please forward a CV in Word format, by e-mail, in confidence, stating current remuneration details and availability quoting reference 948X.

Three People provides a vacancy advertising service on behalf of clients.

KEYWORDS: systems engineer aerospace avionics integration platform avionics aircraft landing gear engineering project manager engineer systems marine defence hydro-mechanical hydraulic electromechanical electrical electronic avionics military defence platform integration engineer fuel flight control actuation

Job Type: Permanent

Start Date: ASAP

Job Ref: 107799524

Text 7

Position Title: Aerospace Engineer Bristol

Salary: Attractive

Location: Bristol, South West

Date Posted: 01/06/2012

Agency/Employer: Beechwood Recruitment Ltd.

Description: AEROSPACE ENGINEER ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY BRISTOL
We are seeking an experienced Aerospace Engineer/ Consultant to join the established and growing Bristol based Aerospace Team. You will be undertaking technical and project orientated tasks within the engineering consultancy business or as an integral part of clients’ project teams.

As Aerospace Engineer you will be developing customer relationships and executing work programmes within the highly successful Aerospace Engineering Consultancy Business. You will also be responsible for the delivery of projects in line with project objectives.

We are looking for talented, creative people to bring both practical and strategic vision to projects. You will be an engineer with experience in design, development or project engineering of aerospace systems, looking to progress a career in a consultancy environment.

To succeed as Aerospace Engineer you will ideally be an established aerospace engineer looking to move into project management whilst remaining in a core technical role.

You will have experience of delivering solutions to address problems encountered with in-service equipment. This will require analytical and investigative skills combined with an understanding of the characteristics of mechanical systems. Preferably you will also have knowledge of the operating environment, the operation and the design of aerospace systems and structures gained in a mechanical systems environment. Lastly, you will have aerospace and landing gear experience.

You will have an excellent undergraduate degree in an engineering based subject and will have a fundamental understanding of mechanical engineering principles as well as a desire to develop your knowledge.

Projects are of a varied nature, so the flexibility and initiative to take on novel challenges is highly prized, as are project management skills and an enthusiasm to take on responsibility. You will be a team player with a ‘can-do’ attitude who is able to interact with a range of stakeholders.

You will be dealing with customers and their suppliers on a daily basis so good communication and negotiation skills are required.

This role requires SC Clearance so you must be either a British Citizen who has been living in the UK for the last 3 years minimum or of another nationality who has been living in the UK continuously for the last 5 years minimum.

You will be joining a very successful and highly respected Engineering Consultancy who provide innovative, high quality engineering services to a range of major engineering projects, serving government, regulatory, Blue Chip and a wide range of private sector clients across the world.

The company provides excellent opportunities for talented engineers who wish to work in leading edge applications. Their workload covers a range of industries and technologies, providing stimulating challenges for staff. Commercial awareness is an important factor in their consulting work and staff gain a great deal of experience in project management and customer contact. As part of a large consultancy, the opportunities for career development are extensive.

Job Type: Permanent

Start Date: ASAP

Job Ref: 104243505

Text 8

Some pilots are flight instructors. They teach their students in ground-school classes, in simulators, and in dual-controlled planes and helicopters. A few specially trained pilots are examiners or check pilots. They periodically fly with other pilots or pilot's license applicants to make sure that they are proficient.

Work environment. Most pilots spend a considerable amount of time away from home because the majority of flights involve overnight layovers. When pilots are away from home, the airlines provide hotel accommodations, transportation between the hotel and airport, and an allowance for meals and other expenses.

Airline pilots, especially those on international routes, often experience jet lag fatigue caused by many hours of flying through different time zones. To guard against pilot fatigue, which could result in unsafe flying conditions, the FAA requires airlines to allow pilots at least 8 hours of uninterrupted rest in the 24 hours before finishing their flight duty.

Commercial pilots face other types of job hazards. The work of test pilots, who check the flight performance of new and experimental planes, may be dangerous. Pilots who are crop-dusters may be exposed to toxic chemicals and seldom have the benefit of a regular landing strip. Helicopter pilots involved in rescue and police work may be subject to personal injury.

Although flying does not involve much physical effort, the mental stress of being responsible for a safe flight, regardless of the weather, can be tiring. Pilots must be alert and quick to react if something goes wrong, particularly during takeoff and landing.

FAA regulations limit flying time of airline pilots of large aircraft to a maximum of 100 hours a month or 1,000 hours a year. Most airline pilots fly an average of 65 to 75 hours a month and work at least an additional 65 to 75 hours a month performing nonflying duties. Most pilots have variable work schedules, working several days on, then several days off. Airlines operate flights at all hours of the day and night, so work schedules often are irregular. Flight assignments are based on seniority; the sooner pilots are hired, the stronger their bidding power is for preferred assignments.

Commercial pilots also may have irregular schedules, flying 30 hours one month and 90 hours the next. Because these pilots frequently have many nonflying responsibilities, they have much less free time than do airline pilots. Except for corporate flight department pilots, most commercial pilots do not remain away from home overnight. But, they may work odd hours. However, if the company owns a fleet of planes, pilots may fly a regular schedule.

Text 9

Flight instructors may have irregular and seasonal work schedules, depending on their students' available time and the weather. Instructors frequently work in the evening or on weekends.

All pilots who are paid to transport passengers or cargo must have a commercial pilot's license with an instrument rating issued by the FAA. Helicopter pilots also must hold a commercial pilot's license with a helicopter rating.

Education and training. Although some small airlines hire high school graduates, most airlines require at least 2 years of college and prefer to hire college graduates. In fact, most entrants to this occupation have a college degree. Because the number of college-educated applicants continues to increase, many employers are making a college degree an educational requirement. For example, test pilots often are required to have an engineering degree.

Pilots also need flight experience to qualify for a license. Completing classes at a flight school approved by the FAA can reduce the amount of flight experience required for a pilot's license. In 2006, the FAA certified about 600 civilian flying schools, including some colleges and universities that offer degree credit for pilot training. Initial training for airline pilots typically includes a week of company indoctrination; 3 to 6 weeks of ground school and simulator training; and 25 hours of initial operating experience, including a check-ride with an FAA aviation safety inspector. Once trained, pilots are required to attend recurrent training and simulator checks once or twice a year throughout their career.

Text10

Licensure. To qualify for FAA licensure, applicants must be at least 18 years old and have at least 250 hours of flight experience.

The U.S. Armed Forces have always been an important source of experienced pilots because of the extensive flying time and experience on jet aircraft and helicopters. Those without Armed Forces training may become pilots by attending flight schools or by taking lessons from FAA-certified flight instructors. Applicants also must pass a strict physical examination to make sure that they are in good health and have 20/20 vision with or without glasses, good hearing, and no physical handicaps that could impair their performance. They must pass a written test that includes questions on the principles of safe flight, navigation techniques, and FAA regulations, and must demonstrate their flying ability to FAA or designated examiners.

To fly during periods of low visibility, pilots must be rated by the FAA to fly by instruments. Pilots may qualify for this rating by having the required hours of flight experience, including 40 hours of experience in flying by instruments; they also must pass a written examination on procedures and FAA regulations covering instrument flying and demonstrate to an examiner their ability to fly by instruments. Requirements for the instrument rating vary depending on the certification level of flight school.

Airline pilots must fulfill additional requirements. Captains must have an airline transport pilot's license. Applicants for this license must be at least 23 years old and have a minimum of 1,500 hours of flying experience, including night and instrument flying, and must pass FAA written and flight examinations. Usually, they also have one or more advanced ratings depending on the requirements of their particular job. Because pilots must be able to make quick decisions and accurate judgments under pressure, many airline companies reject applicants who do not pass required psychological and aptitude tests. All licenses are valid so long as a pilot can pass the periodic physical and eye examinations and tests of flying skills required by the FAA and company regulations.

Text 11

Other qualifications. Depending on the type of aircraft, new airline pilots start as first officers or flight engineers. Although some airlines favor applicants who already have a flight engineer's license, they may provide flight engineer training for those who have only the commercial license. Many pilots begin with smaller regional or commuter airlines, where they obtain experience flying passengers on scheduled flights into busy airports in all weather conditions. These jobs often lead to higher paying jobs with bigger, national or major airlines.

Companies other than airlines usually require less flying experience. However, a commercial pilot's license is a minimum requirement, and employers prefer applicants who have experience in the type of craft they will be flying. New employees usually start as first officers, or fly less sophisticated equipment.

Advancement. Advancement for pilots usually is limited to other flying jobs. Many pilots start as flight instructors, building up their flying hours while they earn money teaching. As they become more experienced, these pilots occasionally fly charter planes or perhaps get jobs with small air transportation firms, such as air-taxi companies. Some advance to flying corporate planes. A small number get flight engineer jobs with the airlines.

Extra Practice