Types of semantic components

The leading semantic component in the semantic structure of a word is usually termed denotative component (also, the term referential component may be used). The denotative component expresses the conceptual content of a word.

The following list represents denotative components of some English adjectives and verbs:

lonely, adj.		alone, without company	_ _ _ _ _
notorious, adj.		widely known	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
celebrated, adj.		widely known	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to glare, v.		to look	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to glance, v.		to look	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to shiver, v.		to tremble	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to shudder, v.		to tremble	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

It is quite obvious that the definitions given in the right column only partially and incompletely describe the meanings of their corresponding words. To give a more or less full picture of the meaning of a word, it is necessary to include in the scheme of analysis additional semantic components which are termed connotations or connotative components.

Let us complete the semantic structures of the words given above introducing connotative components into the schemes of their semantic structures.

		Denotative components		Connotative components
lonely, adj.		alone, without company		melancholy, sad	Emotive connotation
notorious, adj.		widely known		for criminal acts or bad traits of character	Evaluative connotation, negative
celebrated, adj.		widely known		for special achievement in science, art, etc.	Evaluative connotation, positive
to glare, v.				steadily, lastingly		1. Connotation of duration
	in anger, rage, etc.		2. Emotive connotation
to glance, v.				briefly, passingly		Connotation of duration
to shiver, v.					1. Connotation of duration
		(usu) with the cold		2. Connotation of cause
to shudder, v.					1. Connotation of duration
	2. Connotation of cause 3. Emotive connotation
with horror, disgust, etc.

The above examples show how by singling out denotative and connotative components one can get a sufficiently clear picture of what the word really means. The schemes presenting the semantic structures of glare, shiver, shudder also show that a meaning can have two or more connotative components.

The given examples do not exhaust all the types of connotations but present only a few: emotive, evaluative connotations, and also connotations of duration and of cause.