Task 7. Fill in the correct words from the previous exercise into the gaps below (not all words are needed)

1. In contrast to Tocqueville's interpretation, Marx believed that worsening economic and so­cial conditions would finally cause the working class to ____________.

2. Psycho­logical theories find the cause of revolutions in feelings of relative _____________.

3. Skocpol traces their causes to the breakdown of the state and to _________ rebellions.

4. According to the classical, or "stages," ap­proach, social movements arise out of deep and widespread ___________, a generalized belief in some cause or solution to the problem, and grass-roots support.

5. Political conflict theory emphasizes that revolutions are complex ____________ among different groups that end in new political and social arrangements.

Task 8. Fill in the correct word from the box into the gaps below.

withdrawal abnormal breakdown violent movements contend coalition existence evidence conventional

1. The best empirical ____________ indicates that social movements do not derive from the vague discontents of frustrated groups.

2. Although discontent and ideology are mo­tivating factors, they clearly do not fully explain the ____________ of social movements.

3. It is strange but true that even _______________that represent deprived and alienated groups are not joined primarily by the people for whom they speak.

4. Collective behaviour often appears strange and unpredictable, but people in casual crowds, _____________ crowds, and expres­sive crowds generally behave in expected ways.

5. Sociologists argue that collective behaviour is the predictable response of normal peo­ple in ______________ situations.

6. Revolution also comes when a period of concessions and reforms is followed by a period of ______________ of privileges and repression.

7. James Rule and Charles Tilly have pro­posed the theory that revolution results from the ___________ of a political system into sepa­rate power centers.

8. There are likely to be ___________ confrontations between the contending groups.

9. In the early stages the revolutionaries were a _________ of discontented groups with different objectives.

10. Of course, governments and revolution­aries rarely ___________ for power on an equal ba­sis.

Task 9. Are the following statements about the text true (T) or false (F)?

1.	According to Theda Skocpol's model there are two necessary and sufficient condi­tions for a social revolution.	T / F
2.	Revolutions are not unique; they are all explained by the mechanisms of social change and social conflict.	T / F
3.	Social movements have nothing in common	T / F
4.	Conflict theorists argue that the motivation for violence is enough to start a revolution.	T / F
5.	All social movements have a set of ideas, or an ideology, that justifies protest and change.	T / F

Task 10. Now look again at the paragraphs 1-7 and find the continuation of the following sentences.

1.For this reason peasants living in abject poverty ………………….	A was largely a moral and religious crusade against slavery.
2.A revolution is "a sweep­ing, fundamental change in political organiza­tion, social structure, economic property con­troll"……	B there may be a breakdown and a revolution.
3.The value-oriented abolitionist movement, on the other hand	C and the predominant myth of a social order, thus indicating a major break in the con­tinuity of development.
4.In order to feel this dissatisfaction…….	D as in the Industrial Revolution or the sexual revolution.
5.If there are many serious problems that go uncorrected,…..	E people have to think that they lack more of the good things of life than other people.
6.Fluctuations in the level of popular discontent are thought	F to affect the rise and fall of social movement.
7.The word "revolution" is often used loosely to describe any far-reaching change in social patterns, ……..	Gin isolated areas of the world are not likely to revolt.

Task 11. Rearrange the letters to form a word used in the text, then match the word to its definition.

	esioropnsp		a unfair and cruel treatment by a powerful person or government
	tvoerpy		b a situation in which someone does not have enough money to pay for their basic needs
	eiardpiovtn		c a situation in which people do not have basic things that they need to live a comfortable life
	rtcehie		dsomeone who does or believes things that oppose the official principles of a religion
	vulaeelynt		e at the end of a process or period of time in which many things happen
	efbeli		f a strong feeling that something is true or real
	wovhorret		g to force a leader or government out of their position of power
	faentcias		hto attract and interest you very strongly
	oulngitlie		ia machine used in the past for cutting off someone's head. It consisted of a heavy blade that slid down a tall wooden structure, cutting through their neck
	reeshtlas		j feeling or showing no sympathy or kindness

Task 12. Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

1. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," ____________

a) Lawrence said of the French Revolution

b) Charles Dickens said of the Russian Revolution

c) Charles Dickens said of the French Revolution

2. According to conflict theorists revolutions are ____________

a) complex struggles among different groups with different motives

b) simply explosions of anger and frustration

c) political and social arrangements

3. Revolutions are characterised by ____________

a) the use of violence

b) by the use of power

c) social change and social conflict

4. According to psychological theories revolutions are most likely to occur when ____________

a) there has been a long period of political growth

b) there has been a long period of economic growth and social progress

c) there has been a long period of economic upswing

5. Modern theorists call this discrepancy relative deprivation ____________

a) disorder

b) revolt

c) deprivation

Task 13. Use the words from the right side to make the expressions with the words from the left side. Then translate them into Ukrainian and make up the sentences. with them.

collective	Provision
unifying	Defeat
inefficient	Ideology
tangi­ble	Behavior
crushing	System