Task 4. Read the text about Time, Work and Leisure. Some paragraphs have been removed from the text. Choose from paragraphs A-E the one which fits each gap 1-4. There is one paragraph which you don’t need to use.
| A.A better way to measure leisure is to separate it from free time. If time spent on the job totals about 40 hours a week, and a week is 168 hours long, how much free time is available for leisure —128 hours? No, of course not. First, there are sleeping and eating — which account for over half our free time — and then there are all the essential chores, or unpaid work that everyone has to do—bathing, dressing, shopping, travelling to and from work, cleaning, cooking, making household repairs, and so on. Americans actually have, on average, only about 39 hours a week left to spend on what they define as leisure. Some people have a great deal of free time but relatively little leisure. One sophisticated analysis of data from a large national sample of households concluded that the average American woman spends about four hours a day doing housework and about three and one-half hours caring for children (making a seven and one- half hour day and a 54-hour week). The working hours for a modern housewife are not much different from the number of hours an affluent wife spent on housework in 1912, when domestic servants were members of all well-to-do households, or from the number of hours that rural and urban housewives spent on such chores in 1935. Roughly speaking, American wives who are not gainfully employed spend 50 hours a week on housework; wives with outside jobs spend 35 hours on work in and for their homes.
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| B. Sociological theories of leisure contend that the kind of work we do is reflected in the activities we choose for our hours of leisure. According to the spillover hypothesis, for example, alienation from work carries over into the rest of life and the drudgery we do on the job has a mentally stultifying effect. In Harold Wilensky's caricature, this hypothetical worker.
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| C.These conspicuously "leisurely" styles are no longer in fashion, and the way of life they represent has almost disappeared. Recreation and leisure have become more widely available in all social classes, and prestige today is more likely to come from one's occupation than from one's use of leisure. As we have already seen, the "idle rich" have never been much admired in American culture. Estee Lauder, Ross Perot, Malcolm Forbes, and most other very rich Americans continue to work—they just don't work for a living. In other industrial societies, even queens and princes are likely to think of their roles as jobs that must be done for the good of their countries.
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| D. In The Threat of Leisure(1926) George Barton Cutten, the president of Colgate University, expressed the popular view that increasing leisure might be a menace to society. For some people, he wrote, "freedom from labour means liberty for the indulgence of low tastes,… and most vice and crime take place in spare time." At the time Cutten was writing,
English farm workers were describing the ideal life as:
Eight hours' work and eight hours' play
Eight hours' sleep and eight shillin's a day.
Cutten thought that most of us could be trusted with the work and the sleep, but what would future generations do with all that money and free time?
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| E. The British sociologist Stanley Parker theorizes that there are three kinds of relationships between work and leisure. The first is the extension pattern, in which at least some work and leisure activities are similar and daily life is not clearly divided between the two. This pattern, which corresponds to the spillover hypothesis, is typical of social workers, high-level business executives, physicians, teachers, and other professionals who enjoy many of the same kinds of activities with many of the same people both at home and at work. As Wilensky has suggested, people in these positions are often so overwhelmingly committed to working that they have little time left over for leisure. The popular image of the workaholic fits the extension pattern.
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Task 5. Match the column A with column B.
| | A
| | В
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| recreation
| A
| мешканець
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| Indulgence
| B
| полегшення
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| Dweller
| C
| поблажливість
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| Overrated
| D
| відчуження
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| Alienation
| E
| дорогоцінний
|
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| Drudgery
| F
| переоцінено
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| to claim
| G
| заявляти
|
|
| Precious
| H
| трудоголік
|
|
| workaholic
| I
| відновлення сил
|
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| Relief
| J
| важка робота
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