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Frequently Asked Questions



The Working Time Regulations (WTR) came into force on 1 October 1998. The Regulations implement the European Working Time Directive and parts of the Young Workers Directive, which relate to the working time of adolescent workers (workers above the minimum school leaving age but below 18).

worker

A legal term that goes wider than employee. The difference is that an employee either has, or is entitled to, a contract of employment, someone who is a worker but not an employee works for someone else but usually on the basis or providing a service. Strictly speaking all employees are workers, but not all workers are employees. In practice however worker is often used to describe those who are not employees.

Directive - a piece of European Union law, many of which apply directly in the UK.

employment tribunal

Special courts of law which hear employment cases, for example, sex discrimination, unfair dismissal, non-payment of National Minimum Wage

1 My employer wants to have a 52-week review period rather than a 17-week review. Should we agree?

Under the Working Time Regulations, the 48 hour average working week is normally calculated using a 17 week reference period. This can be extended up to a maximum of 52 weeks by a collective agreement or workforce agreement, if there are objective or technical reasons concerning the organisation of work. An example of where such an extension might be useful is where workers are on annualised hours contracts.

A collective agreement is an agreement between the employer and an independent trade union. A workforce agreement is between an employer and the duly elected representatives of its employees or, in the case of small employers (i.e. those with 20 or fewer employees), the employees themselves. Workforce agreements are only allowed where there are no recognised unions.

2 My employer does not keep records of my working hours. Is this permitted?

Employers will always need to keep records for workers who are paid by the hour for payroll purposes. They are less likely to monitor unpaid overtime carried out by salaried staff, and the law on working time is slack in this area.

The Working Time Regulations were amended in 1999 and changed the requirements of employers to keep records.

The position now is that:

The 1999 amendment had the practical effect of exempting unpaid overtime from the Working Time Regulations, but in 2006 the position was improved by a successful case taken by the European Commission to the European Court of Justice. As a result, it is now once again clear that 'partly unmeasured working time' counts towards the limits in the Working Time Regulations.

Partly unmeasured working time would include the unpaid overtime worked by middle managers and other white-collar workers as long as they are required to work extra hours as part of their job. Senior managers and executives who genuinely have control over their own working time are still exempt from the limits.

3 The HSE inspector is coming to investigate our compliance with the Working Time Regulations. What should I do if he or she calls me in?

You should co-operate with the HSE inspector.

The HSE has responsibility for enforcing the requirements on working "limits" and associated matters in the Regulations.

For "entitlements", e.g. annual leave, and rest breaks or rest periods, enforcement is through employment tribunals.

The relevant matters for which HSE inspectors are responsible are:

Failure to comply with the Regulations in these respects renders the employer liable to prosecution by the HSE.

In some industries the regulations are enforced by other bodies. Local authorities deal with shops, retail, offices, hotels, catering, sports, leisure and customer services workplaces; the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency deals with HGV and PSV drivers; the Maritime and Coastguard Agency deal with seafarers and inland waterway workers; the Office of the Rail Regulator deals with rail workers and the Civil Aviation Authority with air cabin crew.

4 What are my working hours rights in a nutshell?

Most adult workers have the following rights:

However, the law is unduly complicated and there are quite a few variations.

5 Which groups of workers are not covered by working time rules, or treated as a special case?

Some groups used to be completely exempt from all working time rights, and others miss out on some but not all, working time protection. The EU is gradually extending the scope of working time rights, and previously exempt groups are slowly getting full or partial protection.

There are other groups which enjoy working time rights, but employers are given more flexibility in how to implement them. These include:

6 What counts as working time?

Obviously work you do at your workplace under the direction of your employer counts as working time.

It does not include:

Working time does include:

7 What unpaid overtime counts as working time?

This is one of the most controversial aspects of working time rules, although there were some changes for the better during 2006. The big growth in long hours in the UK, mainly came from white-collar workers who do not get paid overtime for their extra work. Employer lobbying persuaded the government to change the Working Time Regulations in 1999, so less white-collar work gets counted as working time. This resulted in the new concept of ‘partially unmeasured working time’. This is defined as the work you choose to do voluntarily, in addition to the hours set out in your contract.

However, following a complaint by the trade union AMICUS, the European Commission took a successful case against the UK Government to the European Court of Justice. As a result, it is now once again clear that 'partly unmeasured working time' counts towards the limits in the Working Time Regulations. Partly unmeasured working time would include the unpaid overtime worked by middle managers and other white-collar workers, as long as they are required to work extra hours as part of their job. Senior managers and executives who genuinely have control over their own working time are still exempt from the limits.

8 How is my average working week calculated?

For most people, you simply need to add up your working time over the last 17 weeks and then divide by 17. In the jargon of Working Time Regulations, this is a 17-week rolling reference period.

If you were sick or on leave during the last 17 weeks, you start the reference period a week earlier, and make up the missing days from your last week (i.e. the 18th week from when the reference period now starts). If this still doesn’t give 17 weeks, then you keep starting the reference period a week earlier until you have 17 weeks of working days, made up from the reference period and the weeks after it finishes.

Some groups have a 26-week reference period instead, and if there is an emergency, employers can use a 26 week period.

Workers who use a 26 week reference period include:

If you have not yet worked 17 weeks (or 26 if you are in one of the groups above) then your reference period starts on the first day of work. In other words if you have had your job for 5 weeks, you add your working time since you started and divide by 5.

The reference period can be extended to 52 weeks by a relevant agreement with a trade union or representatives of the workforce, made under the rules set out in the Working Time Regulations (1998). The offshore industry has a standard 52-week reference period.

9 Can the period over which my average hours are calculated be varied?

You cannot agree to change the reference period as an individual, but it is possible to change it by an agreement between your employer and all the staff involved. This can be done in two ways:

A workforce agreement requires the employer to organise elections for representatives who can then conclude an agreement with the employer.

There are two main ways that the reference period can be varied through either type of agreement:

Don't give away your working time rights for nothing. If you’re prepared to vary your hours in this way to suit your employer it’s only fair that you should get something in return such as higher pay or more holiday.

10 Can I opt out of the 48-hour limit?

Most people can sign an agreement as an individual to opt out of the 48-hour limit (and thus lose protection against working long hours). This must be an individual choice. There cannot be a collective or workforce agreement for everyone to sign away their rights. You also have the right to opt back in, at any time.

Your opt-out agreement may contain the notice that is required for you to opt back in again. The longest it can be is 3 months. If there is no limit, then you can regain protection in seven days. If you are given an opt-out form with a 3-month notice period, you may want to suggest that the notice period is shortened.

Note that there is no opt-out from the 48-hour limit on night work, or from any of the other part of the regulations.

In addition, there is no opt-out for HGV and PSV road transport drivers or for inland waterway and lake transport workers. Separate rules apply to seafarers and air cabin crew.

11 Can I opt back into the 48-hour limit?

Yes, you can write to your employer at any time saying that you wish to regain your right to work not more than a 48-hour average week.

When you signed an opt-out, it may have contained a clause saying how long you would have to wait before the rules applied again, once you had reversed your opt out. This waiting time cannot be more than 3 months.

If your opt-out agreement did not include this kind of clause, then you only have to wait 7 days before working time rules apply again.

12 Can I be made to sign an opt-out?

The law says you must not be forced to sign an opt-out, or treated unfavourably (‘suffer detriment’ if you refuse.

(detriment - a legal term used to describe action taken by your employer against you unfairly, other than sacking you, such as refusing you training because you are in a trade union).

If you are treated unfavourably or even sacked, you can take a case to an employment tribunal. Seek advice from your union or an advice agency.

The law is less helpful if you are asked to sign an opt-out as a condition for starting a job. Strictly speaking this probably should not happen, but there is little in practice you can do about it unless you are in a union.

However there is nothing to stop you reversing your opt-out at any time, and you are protected from unfair treatment.

In practice if you are sacked, you will have a stronger case if you have been in your job for more than a year. This is because after a year you gain protection from unfair dismissal. Specifically, you will be entitled to know why you were dismissed and to challenge the employer in the tribunal, as to whether it followed a fair procedure in dismissing you.

While an employer cannot sack you (or discriminate against you in any way) simply for exercising your right to reverse an opt-out (even if you have worked for less than a year), it is harder to challenge the employer when your service is less than a year.

13 How do I reverse a working time opt-out?

You simply write to your employer. We suggest the following text:

"Dear [HR representative].

Further to my conversation with [my line manager], I hereby confirm that I am withdrawing my agreement to opt-out from the weekly working time limit set by the Working Time Regulations. Specifically, I no longer wish to work more than 48 hours on average each week as [it is having an adverse impact on my health].

I would ask you to acknowledge this in writing and to let me know when this will come into effect. I look forward to discussing how my hours will be adjusted to take account of this.

Yours sincerely"

14 What does my employer mean when they say my working time is 'unmeasured'?

The definition of partly unmeasured working time (unpaid overtime) has been clarified as the result of a European Court of Justice decision in 2006.

The definition of 'unmeasured working time' is still a bit vague, but is intended to apply to senior managers and executives who genuinely have control over their own working time. These workers are entitled to paid holidays but don't receive other working time rights. Workers who are free to set their own hours are deemed competent to look after themselves and are thus exempt from the working time limits and rest break provisions.

The problem is that many managers in long hours workplaces still behave as though this exemption also applies to all white-collar workers, for the so-called 'voluntary' work they 'choose' to put in over and above the hours specified in their contract (and for which they aren't paid). You should take further advice if you are concerned about unpaid overtime.





Дата публикования: 2015-09-17; Прочитано: 304 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!



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