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TO BE TO

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Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Obligation arising out of a plan, an arrangement	am (is, are) to was (were) to	Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive (an unfulfilled plan)	affirmative interrogative	to plan; to make a plan; to arrange; to agree; to decide	Today I amto go to the post-office. When are you to go there? Yesterday I was to have gone to the post-office to send a parcel, but I wasn’t able to. (a planned action was not carried out)
2. An order, an instruction	-\|\|-\|\|-	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative		If your letter contains anything valuable you are to register it.
3. Possibility	-\|\|-\|\|-	Indefinite Infinitive Passive	affirmative interrogative negative		A letter marked ‘Post Restante’ is to be left at the post-office until it is called for. Where are postal orders to be cashed? Such envelopes aren’t to be bought anywhere.
4. Something thought as unavoidable	-\|\|-\|\|-	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative		I didn’t know when I was to get a letter from her. I still hoped to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be.

Remember the following set phrases: 1. Where am I to go? – Куди я маю йти? 2. It’s to be hoped. – Потрібно сподіватися. 3. What am I to do? – Що я маю робити? 4. What is to become of me? – Що має зі мною бути? 5. When am I to be there? – О котрій я маю прийти? 6. Who is to begin? – Хто має починати? 7. Who’s to blame? – Хто винен? 8. What’s to be done? – Що потрібно робити? 9. He’s nowhere to be found. – Його не можна ніде знайти. 10. He is to be pitied. – Його потрібно пожаліти. 11. You are to be congratulated. – Ми маємо вас привітати.

SHOULD/OUGHT TO

Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Obligation weakened to the sense of advice, desirability	should shouldn’t Should I…? ought to oughtn’t to Ought I to…?	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive indicates that a desirable action was not carried out (an undesirable action was not carried out).	affirmative interrogative negative	I advise you to… I advise you not to… I recommend you to do… I urge you to do… It is for you to do… I would advise you to do…	You ought to/should help your friend. He is in trouble. You should/ought to be getting ready for your report. You ought to/should have changed for the Underground. Gorky Street is far away from here. He oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have left London without visiting Hyde Park.
2. Instructions, corrections	should shouldn’t Should I…?	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative negative		This preposition should be pronounced with a neutral sound in an unstressed position. You should take this medicine three times a day before your meals.
3. Disapproval, reproach for failing to do what was one’s duty or moral obligation	should shouldn’t ought to oughtn’t to	The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried out.	affirmative negative		You ought to/should be speaking more clearly. You oughtn’t to/should have allowed him to go out so early after his illness.
4. Supposition implying probability	should shouldn’t ought to oughtn’t to	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past.	affirmative negative	Very likely he… It’s likely he… Most likely he… Very probably he… I think it is probable that…I expect he… Probably not…	This dish ought to/should be very delicious as it has been prepared by Mother. This dish is very delicious. It ought to/should have been prepared by Mother.
5. Emotional colouring	Should I…?	Indefinite Infinitive	interrogative		Why should I? Why should you help him? How should you know?

WILL/WOULD

	Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
	1. Volition (willingness, readiness, consent, intention, determination)	I / We will (would) I / We won’t (wouldn’t)	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative	I intend… I’m willing… We wish… We want… I’m determined…	I will tell him about your coming, so he can meet you. I’ve often spoken at public meetings but this time I won’t. You may come if you will, but you won’t find the meeting amusing. I said I would take part in the conference.
	2. a) Persistence or refusal to perform an action. b) Refusal to perform an action with lifeless things	will (would) won’t (wouldn’t) won’t wouldn’t will (would)	affirmative negative	He insists…. She keeps on… She refuses… They continue…	The teacher scolds her for whispering at the lesson, but she will whisper. I asked him to tell me the truth, but he wouldn’t. I couldn’t explain anything because the words wouldn’t come. He tried hard to stop the car, but it would move.
	3. Requests (polite requests, polite invitations and suggestions)	will would	interrogative	Could you… May I ask you to give…?	Will you pass me the salt? Would you come to tea this afternoon? Will you have another cup of tea?
	4. Habitual or recurrent actions	will (the present tense) (not common) would (the past tense) (literary style)	affirmative	used to	That romantic girl will sit staring at the night sky. He would fish for hours without catching anything.
Notes
I. Remember the following set phrases: 1. would rather, would sooner. e.g.: I would rather do it myself. He would sooner diethan do it. 2. Would you mind my staying here? I wouldn’t mind your joining us. II. “ Will” may express supposition with reference to the present or future in combination with the indefinite infinitive, or to the past in combination with the perfect infinitive. This meaning is found with the 2^nd and 3^rd persons. e.g.: This will be the school, I believe. You will have heard the news, I’m sure. III. Notice the use of “ will” in the following sentences: e.g.: Boys will be boys. Accidents will happen. You will find no greater wisdom than kindness.

SHALL

Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Asking for instruction	Shall I? Shall he (she, they)?	Indefinite Infinitive	interrogative	Must I do it? Do you want me to do it? Am I to do it?	Shall I readthe article again? Shall he (she, they) start speaking on the topic?
2. Compulsion or strict order	You he she it they	shall shan’t	affirmative negative	I shall make him do it. I shall get you to do it.	You shall stop reading fiction books at your lectures. He shan’t prevent us from working at the problem.
3. Threat or warning	You he she it they	shall shan’t	affirmative negative		Tell him he shall be punished for his behaviour. You shall fail the exam if you don’t work hard.
4. Promise	You he she it they	shall shan’t	affirmative negative	You are sure to get… I promise that they won’t punish you.	Don’t worry, you shall have a minute’s rest before the meeting begins.

DARE

Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Impertinence, to have the courage to do smth	dare do smth dared do smth	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative		You dare address me in that tone! Did he dare to strike me when I was down?
2. Not to have courage to do smth	dared not do smth	negative		He didn’t dare to meet his uncle

Notes

1. “I dare say” has become a stock phrase and acquired a new meaning “I suppose”. 2. It is used both: a) as an normal verb => taking the auxiliary “do” in the interrogative and negative forms, -s in the 3^rd person singular and the to+ Infinitive b) as an anomalous verb => without the auxiliary in its interrogative and negative forms, without –s in the 3^rd person singular and with the bare Infinitive (without “to”)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Fill the following spaces, using “can” for present, “could” for past and “will be able” for future. There is no need to use other able form in this section. Put TO where necessary before the infinitives.

1. … you stand on your head? ~ I … when I was at school but I … now.

2. When I've passed my driving test I … hire a car from our local garage.

3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he … pay. (negative)

4. I … remember the address, (negative) – … you even remember the street? (negative)

5. When the fog lifts we … see where we are.

6. You've put too much in your rucksack; you never … carry all that.

7. When I was a child I … understand adults, and now that I am an adult I … understand children. (negative, negative)

8. When you have taken your degree you … put letters after your name.

9. Don't try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you … remember any of them. (negative)

10. When I first went to Spain I … read Spanish but I … speak it.

11. … you type? – Yes, I … type but I … do shorthand.

12. I'm locked in. I … get out! (negative) ~ … you squeeze between the bars? (negative) – No! I …; I'm too fat. (negative)

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense and form of “be able to” with the verb

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