Gravitation

Gravitation is a very important force in the universe. Every object has a gravitational pull which is like magnetism. But, unlike magnetism, gravitation is not only in iron and steel. It is in every object large or small; but large objects, such as the earth, have a stronger pull than small ones.

Isaac Newton, the great scientist of the seventeenth century, first studied gravitation. When he was a boy, he often saw how apples fell to the ground. He wondered why they fell towards the earth and why they did not fly up into the sky.

According to the law which he later produced everything in the uni­verse attracts everything towards itself. The sun attracts the earth and the earth attracts the sun. The earth attracts the moon and the moon attracts the sun. Although the bigger object has the stronger attraction, all objects, in fact, have some attraction too but we do not notice the gravitational pull of a book because the pull of the earth is much greater.

Why does the earth always move round the sun, and not fly off into the cold space? The sun's gravitation gives the answer. The earth always tries to move away in a straight line, but the sun always pulls it back. So it continues on its journey round the sun.

The sun is one of the stars in the galaxy, in which there are about 100,000 million stars. It is not in the middle of the galaxy, but rather near one edge.

There are millions of galaxies in the universe and so there are thou­sands of millions of suns. Many astronomers believe that some of these suns have planets as our sun does.

Gravitation is the force which holds all the atoms of a star together. It holds the sun together and it holds the atoms of the earth together. It holds us on the earth.

Einstein produced a new law of gravitation. Its main results are the same as the results of Newton's law; but in very small and fine matters Einstein's law gives different results. One of these is that gravitation bends light a little; but according to Newton's law gravitation has very little effect on light. Einstein showed this fact by means of mathematics and not by experiment. And astronomers later proved by experiments that Einstein was right.

II. Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы по тексту.

1. Who studied gravitation first?

a) Isaac Newton

b) Albert Einstein

c) Ernest Rutherford

2. What did he observe when he was a boy?

a) stars in the sky

b) apples, falling to the ground

c) two magnets attracting each other

3. How many stars are there in the galaxy?

a)about 50,000 million

b) about 100,000 million

c) about 200,000 million

III. Закончите предложение по содержанию прочитанного текста.

4. Gravitation exists…

a) only in large objects

b) in every object

c) only in small objects

5. All objects on the Earth…

a) have strong attraction

b) have no attraction

c) have some attraction

6. The Earth always moves round the sun because of…

a) magnetism

b) the sun’s gravitation

c) the moon’s gravitation

7. According to Newton’s law gravitation…

a) has a strong effect on light

b) does not bend light

c) has very little effect on light

8. Gravitation holds…

a) the atoms of the earth together

b) the molecules of air together

c) the electrons of elements together

IV. Подберите эквивалент к данному русскому слову.

9. опыт

a) experimental

b) experiment

c) experimentalize

10. притяжение

a) attract

b) attractive

c) attraction

11. влияние

a) effect

b) effective

c) effector

12. сила

a) forcible

b) force

c) forcing

13. предмет

a) object

b) objectify

c) objectivity

14. закон

a) lawful

b) law

c) lawless

15. атом

a) atomic

b) atomics

c) atom

V. Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно передающее содержание предъявленного.

16. According to the law which he later produced everything in the universe attracts everything towards itself.

a) Согласно закону, который он открыл позже, все предметы во вселенной притягиваются.

b) Позже он открыл закон, согласно которому все во вселенной притягивается.

c) Согласно закону, который он открыл позже, существует сила, которая притягивает предметы во вселенной.

17. Gravitation is the force which holds all the atoms of a star together.

a) Атомы звезды удерживаются при помощи гравитации.

b) Гравитация – это сила, которая удерживает атомы звезды вместе.

c) Существует сила, которая удерживает атомы звезды вместе, она называется гравитацией.

18. Although the bigger object has the stronger attraction all objects, in fact, have some attraction too, but we do not notice the gravitation pull of a book because the pull of the earth is very much greater.

a) Фактически все предметы на земле притягиваются, но мы не можем наблюдать это, так как притяжение земли намного больше. Пример этому – книга.

b) Мы не можем наблюдать силу притяжения книги, поскольку сила притяжения земли намного больше, хотя фактически все предметы притягиваются, только крупные предметы имеют более сильное притяжение.

c) Хотя крупные предметы имеют более сильное притяжение, фактически все предметы притягиваются, но мы не видим гравитационную силу книги из-за большей гравитационной силы земли.

VI. Выберите английское предложение, наиболее точно передающее содержание предъявленного.

19. Every object has a gravitation pull which is like magnetism.

a) Every object attracts like magnetism

b) Every object is characterized by gravity which is like magnetism.

c) Gravitation exists in every object which is like magnetism

20. Many astronomers believed that some of these suns have planets as our sun does.

a) Some of these suns are believed to have planets.

b) Many astronomers consider that our sun has planets as some other suns do.

c) Not only our sun has planets but there are some others suns, as many astronomers believe, which also have planets.

21. Einstein showed this fact by means of mathematics and not by experiment.

a) Einstein used mathematics and experiment when showed the fact of gravitation.

b) Einstein showed the fact of gravitation using mathematics but not using an experiment.

c) Einstein showed the importance of an experiment and mathematics.

VII. Выберите правильную видовременную форму глагола.

22. The plant …3 years ago

a) reconstructed

b) was reconstructed

c) is being reconstructed

23. They …already…new methods in their research.

a) applied

b) are applying

c) have applied

24. This work…by 7 o’clock.

a) will be done

b) will have done

c) will have been done

25. Einstein…his theory of relativity in 1905.

a) have represented

b) represented

c) represents

26. Computers … data in a matter of minutes.

a) are processing

b) process

c) have processed

VIII. Заполните пропуски правильными модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

27. Our designing bureau… to develop new equipment for our lab.

a) must

b) should

c) has

28. Solar batteries … to heat and light homes.

a) need

b) are able

c) must

29. The machines …to be tested under normal conditions.

a) ought

b) should

c) need

30. You … take all these measurements. We already know the volume of gas in this tube.

a) are not allowed to

b) can not

c) need not

31. As the student was late he… to enter the classroom.

a) may not

b) was not able

c) was not allowed

IX. Заполните пропуски прилагательными в нужной форме.

32. The results of his last experiment were … than before.

a) more bad

b) worse

c) the worst

33. Your advice is … for us.

a) the most important

b) more important

c) the importantest

34. Mathematics is … for technical students than subjects of humanities.

a) the easiest

b) easier

c) more easier

X. Переведите текст (письменно).