The Russian Federation

The Russian federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of the Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas and 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midlands, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.

There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.

There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers – the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena – flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.

Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1,600 metres) is lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.

Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.

On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.

Russia is very rich in oil, iron ore, coal, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of the State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It is one of the oldest Russian cities.

At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the Russian Federation. The prices are constantly rising, the rate of inflation is very high. People are losing their jobs because of the economic crises.

But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world.

References:

1. Asia - Азия

2. China - Китай

3. Georgia - Грузия

4. Norway- Норвегия

5. Finland - Финляндия

6. the Baltic States — Прибалтийские государства

7. the Great Russian Plain — Русская (Восточно-Европейская) равнина

8. the West Siberian Lowland — Западно-Сибирская низменность

9. the Urals — Уральские горы

10. the Caucasus - Кавказ

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1. Where is the Russian Federation situated?

2. What is the total area of the country?

3. What countries does Russia border on?

4. What mountain chain separates Europe from Asia?

5. How many rivers are there in Russia?

6. Which is the longest river in Europe?

7. What do you know about lake Baikal?

8. Do you know what strait separates Russia from America?

9. What mineral resources is the Russian Federation rich in?

10. What is climate like in Russia?

11. What can you say about the Russian economy?

12. What great Russians do you know?

2. Find in the text the English equivalents to the Russian words and word combinations:

1. In the юге Russia граничит с China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Грузией and Azerbaijan.

2. It also has a морскую границу with the USA.

3. There is hardly a country in the world where such a разнообразие пейзажей and растительности can be found.

4. There are several горных цепей on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others.

5. In the middle of the country the climate is умеренный and continental.

6. It is its largest political, научный, cultural and industrial centre.