Drug testing

Perhaps no other topic related to pharmacology has received more attention from the media during recent years than the use and abuse of drugs by athletes. Much has been written and discussed regarding the use of performance-enhancing drugs among Olympic athletes, the widespread use of "street drugs" by professional athletes, and the use of pain-relieving drugs by athletes at all levels.

Although much of the information being disseminated to the public by the media may be based on hearsay and innuendo, the use and abuse of many different types of drugs can have a profound impact on athletic performance.

To say many experts in the field of sports medicine regard drug abuse among athletes with growing concern is a gross understatement. Drug testing of athletes at all levels for the purpose of identifying individuals who may have some problems with drug abuse is becoming commonplace. Both the WADA and the International Olympic Committee have established lists of substances that are banned from use by athletes. The lists include performance-enhancing drugs and "street" or "recreational" drugs, as well as many over-the-counter and prescription drugs. The legality and ethics of testing only those individuals involved with sports are still open to debate. The pattern of drug usage among athletes may simply reflect that of our society in general.

The sports therapist who is working with an athlete who may be tested for drugs at the national level or with world-class or Olympic athletes should be very familiar with the list of banned drugs. Having an athlete disqualified because of the indiscriminate use of some over-the-counter drug during a rehabilitation program would be most unfortunate.

3.1. Listen to the text “Drug Testing”.

3.2. Read and translate the text.

3.3. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Has the topic of the use and abuse of drugs by athletes received much attention

during recent years? 2. About which facts has the media written and discussed lately? 3. Is all of that information quite true? 4. What kind of impact on athletic performance can the use and abuse of different types of drugs produce? 5. Experts in the field of sports medicine regard drug abuse among athletes with growing concern, don’t they? 6. Is drug testing of athletes at all levels becoming commonplace? 7. Who establishes lists of substances that are banned from use by athletes? 8. What kinds of substances do such lists include? 9. What is still open to debate? 10. May the pattern of drug usage among athletes reflect that of our society in general? 11. Why should the sports therapist be very familiar with a list of banned drugs?

3.4. Find English equivalents in the text for the following.

допинг-контроль, ни одна другая тема, относящаяся к фармакологии, получать, средства массовой информации, злоупотреблять, за последние годы, относительно, повышающие результативность препараты, широко распростра-неное использование, обезболивающее, на всех уровнях, большая часть информации, становящаяся достоянием публики, может основываться на, косвенный намек/инсинуация, слух / молва, значительное влияние на спортив-ную результативность, многие специалисты в области спортивной медицины, рассматривать/считать, возрастающая озабоченность, замалчивание/пре-уменьшение, с целью определения лиц, становится общепринятой практикой, Всемирное Антидопинговое Агентство, установленный перечень веществ, запрещенных, патентованные и предписанные рецептом лекарства, легитим-ность, этика, занимающихся спортом, все еще открыт для дискуссий, пример использования спортсменами допинга, просто, отражать, общество, в целом, быть знакомым/хорошо знать, огульный/неразборчивый, неудачный/несчастный

3.5. Complete the sentences.

Aspirin, pain relief, continuously, the most misused drug, rapid, even minor injury, non-narcotic analgesics, belong, world

1. Perhaps medications are most commonly used in a sports-medicine environment for … …. 2. The athlete is … in situations where injuries are very likely. 3. Fortunately, most of the injuries that occur are not serious and lend themselves to … rehabilitation. 4. However, pain is associated with … … …. 5. The three … … most often used are aspirin (salicylate), acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. 6. These … to the group of drugs called non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs). 7. Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drugs in the …. 8. Because of its easy availability, it is also likely … … …. 9. … is a derivative of salicylic acid and is used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic capabilities.

3.6. Insert prepositions if necessary.

1. An athlete should be very cautious about selecting aspirin as a pain reliever for a number of reasons. 2. Aspirin decreases aggregation of platelets and thus impairs the clotting mechanism should injury occur. 3. Aspirin's irreversible inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase that leads to reduced production of clotting factors creates a bleeding risk not present with the other NSAIDs. 4. Prolonged bleeding at an injured site will increase the amount of swelling, which has a direct effect on the time required for rehabilitation. 5. Use of aspirin as an antiinflammatory should be recommended with caution. 6. Other anti-inflammatory medications do not produce many of the undesirable side effects of aspirin. 7. Generally, prescription anti-inflammatory are considered to be equally effective.

3.7. Fill in the gaps with articles if necessary.

1. Ibuprofen is classified as a NSAID; however, it also has analgesic and antipyretic effects. 2. Ibuprofen, like aspirin, has a number of side effects, including the potential for gastric irritation. 3. It is not as likely to affect platelet aggregation as is aspirin. 4. Ibuprofen administered at a dose of 200 mg does not require a prescription and at that dosage may be used for analgesia. 5. At a dose of 400 mg, the effects are both analgesic and antiinflammatory. 6. Dosage forms greater than 200 mg require a prescription. 7. Acetaminophen, like aspirin, has both analgesic and antipyretic effects, but it does not have significant antiinflammatory capabilities. 8. Acetaminophen is indicated for relief of mild somatic pain and fever reduction through mechanisms similar to those of aspirin. 9. The primary advantage of acetaminophen for the athlete is that it does not produce gastritis, irritation, or gastrointestinal bleeding. 10. Likewise, it does not affect platelet aggregation and thus does not increase clotting time after an injury.

3.8. Study the following table and discuss it in class.

Table

SPORTS THERAPISTS’ GUIDE TO COMMONLY USED MEDICATIONS
Generic Name	Trade Name	Primary use of Drug	Sports Medicine Considerations
ANALGETICS, ANTIPYRETICS, AND ANTIIFLAMMATORIES
Aspirin	Many trade names	Analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory	Gastric irritation, nausea, tinnitus, prolonged bleeding if injured in contact sports
Acetaminophen	Tylenol ®, Datril ®, others	Analgesic, antipyretic	None
(Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatories)
Flurbiprofen Ketoprofen Indomethacin Ibuprofen   Naproxen Diflunisal Piroxicam Tolmectin Fenoprofen Meclofenamate Diclofenac Ketrolac	Ansaid ® Orudis ® Indocin ® Advil ®, Motrin ®, Nuprin ® Naprosyn ®, Anaprox ® Dolobid ® Feldene ® Tolectin ® Nalfon ® Meclomen ® Voltaren ® Toradol ®	All are analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory	Gastric irritation less common than with aspirin except for indomethacin. These should be used on a long-term basis for reducing inflammation; should not be substituted for acetamino-phen in cases of mild head-ache or low fever.
DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Chlorpheniramine	Chlor-Trimeton ®	Antihistamine for allergies	Used primarily for treatment of allergic reaction. Causes drowsiness, decreased coor-dination.
Dimenhydrinate	Dramamine ®	Antihistamine used for treatment of motion sick-ness, nausea, vomiting	Should be administered before travel begins, produces drowsiness.
Oxymetazoline	Afrin ®, Dristan Long Lasting ®, Neosyneph-rine 12 Hour ®, Nos-trilla ®, Sinex Long Lasting ®, Allerest ®	Adrenergic decongestant applied topically as spray	Do not exceed recommend-ed dosage because of re-bound congestion; may cause sneezing, dryness of nasal mucosa, and headache
Pseudoephedrine	Sudafed ®, Cenafed ®, Oranyl ®, others	Adrenergic decongestant used orally	Produces stimulation of the central nervous system; topically applied decongest-tants work faster, but oral decongestants are preferred for long-term use
Diphenhydramine	Benlin cough syrup ®, Benadryl ®	Antihistamine used primarily for allergic reaction; also used for motion sick-ness and preventing nausea and vomiting	Produces drowsiness and dry mouth; found in over-the-counter sleeping medi-cation
Dextromethorphan	Benylin DM ®, Romi-lar CF®, Coughettes ®, Sucrets Lozenge ®, Ro-bitussin DM ®	Nonnarcotic antitussive used for suppression of cough	Very effective in case of unproductive cough; doesn’t produce drowsiness and other side effects as com-monly
Tertenadine	Seldane ®	Antihistamine	Nonsedating
Benzonatate	Tessalon ®	Peripherally acting antitussive that acts as an anesthetic	May produce dizziness and a chilled sensation
Codeine	Robitussin AC ®	Narcotic antitussive that depresses the central cough mechanism	Used in combination with decongestant, an antihista-mine, or expectorant; can produce sedation, dizziness, constipation, nausea
Guaifenesin	Robitussin AC ®	Expectorant used for sym-ptomatic relief of unpro-ductive cough	Used for treating a dry or sore throat; may cause drowsiness and nausea
DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Sodium bicarbon-ate	Soda Mint ®, Bell/ans ®	Antacid used for quick relief of upset stomach	Produces gas belching and tension; may cause systemic alkalinity
Aluminum Hydro-xide	Amphogel ®, Dialume ®	Antacid used for upset stomach	May produce constipation; moderate acid neutralizer
Calcium carbonate   Dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate	Mallamint ®, Amitone ®, Chooz ®, Titralac     Rolaids ®	Antacid used for upset stomach     Antacid used for upset stomach	May produce constipation and acid rebound; high acid neutralizing capability   May cause constipation, rapid neutralizing capabili-ties but transient
Magnesium hydro-xide, carbonate oxi-de	Milk of Magnesia ®	Antacid used for upset stomach	May cause diarrhea and lasting neutralization of acid without rebound
Cimetidine	Tagamet ®	Used for relief of upset stomach	May produce drowsiness and either constipation or diarrhea
Common combina-tion antacids	Alka-Seltzer ®, Di-Gel ®, Gaviscon®, Gelu-sil®, Maalox®, Myla-nta®, Tempo®, Titra-lac ®, Wingel®, others	Over-the-counter combi-nation drugs used for controlling gastric upset	May produce either diarrhea or constipation
Promethazine	Phenergan ®	Antiemetic used for preventing motion sick-ness, nausea, and vomiting	Causes sedation and drowsi-ness
Diphenoxylate HCI	Lomotil ®, Uni-Lim®	Narcotic antidiarrheal	Causes dry mouth, nausea, drowsiness
Loperamide	Imodium A-D ®	Systemic antidiarrheal	Abdominal discomfort and drowsiness
Common over-the-counter antidiarr-heals	Donnagel ®, Kaopec-tate ®, Pepto-Bismol®	Relief of diarrhea	All are relatively safe with few side effects, although their effectiveness is ques-tionable

3.9. Read, translate a text below. Have it as a dictation.