Injuries

The three phases of the healing process are the inflammatory response phase, the

fibroblastic-repair phase, and maturation-remodeling phase, which occur in sequence but overlap one another in a continuum. Factors that may impede the healing process include edema, hemorrhage, lack of vascular supply, separation of tissue, muscle spasm, atrophy, corticosteroids, hypertrophic scars, infection, climate and humidity, age, health, and nutrition. The four fundamental types of tissue in the human body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve.

Ligament sprains involve stretching or tearing the fibers that provide stability at the joint. Fractures may be classified as either greenstick, transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, impacted, avulsive, or stress. Osteoarthritis involves degeneration of the articular cartilage or subchondral bone. Muscle strains involve a stretching or tearing of muscle fibers and their tendons and cause impairment to active movement. Tendinitis, an inflammation of a muscle tendon that causes pain on movement, usually occurs because of overuse. Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the synovial sheath through which a tendon must slide during motion. Dislocations and subluxations involve disruption of the joint capsule and ligamentous structures surrounding the joint. Bursitis is an inflammation of the synovial membranes located in areas where friction occurs between various anatomical structures. Muscle soreness may be caused by spasm, connective tissue damage, muscle tissue damage, or some combination of each of these factors. Repeated contusions may lead to the development of myositis ossificans. All injuries should be initially managed with rest, ice, compression, and elevation to control swelling and thus reduce the time required for rehabilitation.

5.1. Listen to the text “The Healing Process and the Pathophysiology of

Musculoskeletal Injuries”.

5.2. Read and translate the text.

5.3. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What are three phases of the healing process? 2. Which factors may impede

the healing process? 3. Name four fundamental types of tissue. 4. Do ligament sprains involve stretching or tearing the fibers? 5. How may fractures be classified as? 6. What involves degeneration of the articular cartilage or subchondral bone? 7. What do muscle strains involve? 8. Why does tendonitis occur? 9. What is tenosynovitis? 10. What do dislocations and subluxations involve? 11. What is bursitis? 12. What causes muscle soreness? 13. How should all the injuries be initially managed?