One-Minute Summary

Bar charts or graphs are especially useful when you want to emphasise the highest and lowest values of a variable. With a bar chart, each category within the variable is represented by a rectangular bar, and the frequency of occurrence is shown by the height (or length) of the bar. Each bar is separated from adjacent bars by a gap, emphasizing that the categories are distinct. This means that, as well as categorical variables such as nationality, gender and religion, you can use a bar chart to represent discrete variables provided there are not too many categories!

Bar charts can also be used when you want to compare the frequency of occurrence between two or more categorical data variables.

Pie charts are used when you wish to show the proportion of a variable in each category. The total for the data is represented by the area of the circle (‘pie’), and each category’s share of the total is represented by the area of a segment of that circle (i.e. a ‘slice’ of the ‘pie’). The advantage of a pie chart is that it easy to compare the areas represented by the slices of the pie visually, but it is only useful if the number of categories is small, say no more than eight segments.

When drawing a pie chart, it is helpful to shade those segments that are smaller in a darker colour.

VERB + VERB PATTERN

VERB + TO INFINITIVE; VERB + -ING; verb + PREPOSITION + -ING;.

1 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Tutor: So have you managed 1 to finish (finish) the assignment, Kumiko?

Kumiko: Well, I’ve nearly finished but I forgot 2 _______ (add) a bibliography, so I'd like 3 ______ (have) an extension, if that's possible?

Tutor: How long will you need 4 _________ (do) it?

Kumiko: I aim 5 ________ (finish) it today, but maybe two days would be the best thing.

Tutor: Yes, that's fine. Have you begun 6 ________ (work) on your dissertation yet?

Kumiko: Yes, I started 7 ________ (write) my questionnaire a couple of weeks ago, but I stopped 8 ________ (complete) this assignment. I’m planning 9 __________ (get) the questionnaire ready by the end of the week, and I’m hoping 10 _________ (show) it to you for your comments before I use it. Could we meet next week?

Tutor: Yes, of course. I’m afraid I can't find my diary though. I remember 11 _______ (put) it in my briefcase this morning, but it doesn't seem 12 ________ (be) there. Why don't you email me with a suitable time? Kumiko: Yes, okay.

Tutor: So, I’ll see you in the seminar tomorrow. Don't forget 13 ________ (email) me!

Kumiko: Thank you, I'll try 14 ________ (remember).

2 Underline the correct form of the verbs.

1 Mario remembered to give /giving his assignment to his tutor because he had spoken to her about its length, but she insisted that she had never received it.

2 If you can't find the information at the library, try to look / looking on the Internet.

3 She studied medicine at university and went on to become / becoming a surgeon.

4 Look at Mum's car! It definitely needs to clean / cleaning

5 I'll never forget to fall / falling off that swing when I was a child.

6 I was really nervous about the interview, and although I tried not to worry / not worrying, I was awake most of the night.

7 The new government needs to take / taking notice of the opinions of the people.

8 It seems that the new system of sending out reminders has worked, because this year 90% of members remembered to renew / renewing their membership in time.

9 Economists predict that house prices will go on to rise / rising for at least another year.

10 We weren't able to see the concert because Tamsin forgot to bring / bringing the tickets.

3 Decide if the underlined sections are correct or not. Tick ( ✓ ) them if they are right and correct them if they are wrong.