Vocabulary notes. 1. computer science інформатика

1. computer science інформатика

2. interchangeably взаємозамінно

3. CPU (central processing unit) центральний процесор

4. internal memory внутрішня пам’ять

5. computer system обчислювальна система

6. to issue commands давати команди

7. to interpret інтерпретувати (розшифрувати

і виконати)

8. to write back записати повторно

9. input-output port порт уведення-виведення

10. control unit пристрій керування

11. ALU (arithmetic logical unit) арифметично-логічний блок

12. step-by-step поступовий

13. main storage оперативна пам’ять

14. exponentiation піднесення до степеня

15. to call for передбачати

16. secondary memory вторинна пам’ять

17. disk дискета

18. tape стрічка

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

processor, computer, control, component, design, port, instruction, operation, system, information, result, electronic, million, central, interpret, actual, arithmetic, disk

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

change – interchange – interchangeable – interchangeably, to instruct – instruction, to act – active – activity, to operate – operation, to inform – information, function – functional, logic – logical, electron – electronic, center - central, to process – processor, name – namely, to add – addition, to subtract – subtraction, to multiply – multiplication, to divide – division, to exponent – exponentiation

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

precisely, to carry out, basic, instruction, entire, to issue, response, to require, data, unit, to consist of, step-by-step, within, actual, to call for, to locate, whole, device, accurately, to be made up of, to place, inside, to perform, to demand, command, gradual, real, to envisage, main, reaction, to give, information

b) opposite meaning:

known, internal, basic, various, order, on the one hand, addition, multiplication, main, minor, division, similar, unknown, secondary, on the other hand, disorder, external, subtraction

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

according to the instructions, computer science, to be used interchangeably, the central processing unit, internal memory, basic instructions, to coordinate all the activities, by acting on responses, to interpret instructions, through the input-output ports, to be divided into two functional units, the arithmetic logical unit, electronic circuits, within the central processor, to transmit coordinating control signals and commands, the sequence of step-by-step operations, to control the flow, secondary memory devices

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

добре відомо, центральний процесор, внутрішня пам’ять, контролювати і виконувати основні інструкції, різні компоненти, виконувати операції, інтерпретувати інструкції, відповідно до команд, порт уведення-виведення, передавати команди і сигнали, а саме, оперативна пам’ять, послідовність операцій, передбачений, таким чином, вторинна пам’ять

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. The ALU and the control unit are often grouped together and referred to as the central processing unit (CPU). 2. The ALU is the area of the computer where arithmetic and logic operations are performed on data. 3. The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. 4. The control unit obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them. 5. Binary arithmetic (двійкова арифметика), the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetic-logical unit. 6. At the core (магнітне осердя) of the ALU is a very high speed binary adder (двійковий суматор) which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions – addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Gerund.

1. Increasing the number of power stations in our country means improving living standards of people. 2. The new means of improving radio communication has been discovered by our engineers. 3. Iron and zinc plates are used for producing negative electrodes since these materials produce a high voltage. 4. In designing electronic computers we have passed from valves to transistor. 5. Without increasing the temperature of metals it is impossible to increase their resistance. 6. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization.7. They used a better method of obtaining the element. 8. Some investigators produced phosphorus by heating its compounds to very high temperatures with carbon.

V. Read the sentences and find those ones where the rule of the Sequence of Tenses is used.

1. Some years ago India began its Satellite Instructional Televi­sion Experiment. This experiment showed (that) satellite television programs had been a success with schoolchildren, their knowledge level had increased considerably. It was found that children could remember and speak about programs which they had seen several weeks back. 2. Many experts could not decide whether so much TV was harmful to the individual’s health and mental activity or not. 3. Specialists did not know if it was possible to continue modernizing the electronic equipment of this kind – the costs were too high. 4. There appeared some reports that we had technical means to use much more channels on a TV set and we should be able to see many sports and news programs from all parts of the world soon. 5. At first it was not clear whether new telephone and teletype communication with ships via six satellites was economical and re­liable or not. 6. It was announced that the cryogenic cable had been invented in Russia. 7. We know different transmitters are used in a television system – one for the sound channel and the other for the picture channel. 8. We learnt from the lecture that electricity was still considered the main source for new technological developments.

VI. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, mind the use of “for”:

Note: for cj – оскільки, тому що, бо

prep – для, протягом, на, у, до

for + іменник + інфінітив – щоб

1. This new machine has been working for twelve hours without stopping. 2. This semiconductor was used for the first time at our plant. 3. The use of charcoal and other absorbents for the removal of impurities from a substance in solution has long been common practice. 4. For this reason this material couldn’t be used as a conductor. 5. There is one use for which the carbon lamp suits better than the tungsten lamp. 6. Photoelectric cells are known to be used for detecting flaws in certain products. 7. For centuries glass was used for jewelry, ornaments and mosaic. 8. The temperature was to low for the substance to decompose.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “available”:

Note: available – 1) який є (в розпорядженні)

2) доступний

3) отриманий (в результаті)

1. One of the most useful tools available to chemists is the periodic table of elements. 2. The physical properties of thousands of substances are readily available in some of the handbooks. 3. When the substances are only available in minute amounts they can be subjected to microanalysis which requires special apparatus including a microbalance and very careful manipulation. 4. All of our available energy has come from the sun. 5. Selection of the most suitable material or a given purpose must be made on the basis of the best available information on the behaviour of possible materials under the exact conditions existing and on the basis of the available experience and on the basis of intelligent use of information obtained.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Formatting a document

Before you print your document, you can choose how you want it look on paper. This is called formatting. Some word-processing programs ask you to do this before you start writing. Others wait until you are ready to print your document and then give you a list of choices. The instructions that you use to tell the computer how to print your document are called formatting commands.

What are some of the choices that you have for formatting text? Most word-processing programs allow you to adjust the line spacing (відрегулювати міжрядковий інтервал) on your document. That means that you can select the amount of empty (незаповнений) space (інтервал, проміжок) between printed lines. You can print your document using either single-spaced (одинарний інтервал), double-spaced or triple-spaced text. You can also choose how much of a margin (поле сторінки) you want between your writing and the edges of the paper.

Some word-processing programs (програми опрацювання текстів) have a formatting command that prints justified lines (лінії вирівнювання). Justified lines form straight margins on both sides of this paper.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why?

2. What components make up the heart of the computer system?

3. What is the function of the CPU?

4. In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system?

5. What is the sequence of operations the CPU performs?

6. What is the function of the CU?

7. What operations are performed in the ALU?

8. Where are data processed?

9. Where are data to be processed loaded into?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON THIRTEEN

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

terminal, measure, traffic, binary, keyboard, primary, unique, similarly, channel, major

b) stress the second syllable:

external, remote, device, magnetic, regardless, accomplish, available, reverse, processor, transfer, according, entirely

c) stress the third syllable:

transformation, interface, recognition

II. Practice connected reading:

data processing system, external environment, human-related or human-independent, a remote batch terminal, a human-readable format, to measure traffic flow, a bar-code scanner, regardless of the forms, binary codes, physical or electrical characteristics, to adapt the output to the external environment, the major differences between devices, the high-speed devices, with complex mechanical motion, the medium-speed devices, magnetic diskette, digitizer, voice recognition and response units

Text A. INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT

Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment.

The I/O environment may be human-related or human-independent. A remote batch terminal is an example of a human-related input environment, and a printer is an example of a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a device that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an example of a human-independent output.

Data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scanner. However, regardless of the forms in which they receive their inputs, all input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memory of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics of input devices to the requirements of the computer system. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors (IOP).

The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.

Input-output devices can be classified as high-speed, medium-speed, and low-speed. The devices are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-speed devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at high speed. Those high-speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechanical motion or operate at the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall between – they tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but not as complex as the low-speed.

High-speed devices are: magnetic disks, magnetic tape.

Medium-speed devices are: card-readers, line printers, page printers, magnetic diskette, visual displays.

Low-speed devices are: bar-code readers, character printers, digitizers, keyboard input devices, plotters, voice recognition and response units.

Vocabulary Notes

1. external environment зовнішнє оперативне середовище

2. input unit пристрій уведення

3. output unit пристрій виведення

4. environment обладнання

5. human-related пов’язаний з людиною

6. a remote batch terminal термінал дистанційного пакетного

опрацювання

7. output вихідні дані

8. human-readable придатний для читання

9. reel котушка

10. input-output interface інтерфейс уведення-виведення

11. bar-code scanner сканер штрихового коду

12. input вхідні дані

13. primary memory первинна пам’ять

14. to reverse the process змінити процес в зворотньому

напрямку

15. channel інформаційний канал

16. input/output processor процесор уведення-виведення

17. primary storage основна пам’ять

18. media засоби інформації

19. operation режим роботи, дія

20. secondary storage зовнішня пам’ять

21. card reader пристрій читання з перфокарт

22. line printer пристрій друку рядками

23. page printer пристрій друку сторінками

24. visual display візуальний дисплей

25. bar-code reader пристрій читання штрихового коду

26. character printer пристрій посимвольного друку

27. digitizer 1) перетворювач у цифрову форму

2) дискретизатор

28. plotter графобудівник

29. voice recognition розпізнавання голосу

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

instruction, system, information, terminal, printer, format, interface, scanner, form, code, transformation, process, processor, operator, disk, diskette, plotter

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root.

to instruct – instructor, to inform – information, to operate – operation, to depend – dependent – independent, to print – printer, magnet – magnetic, regard – regardless, to transform – transformation, to require – requirement, similar – similarity, to process – processor – processing, entire – entirely, electron – electronic, to read – reader, to recognize – recognition

III.Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

to leave, to perform, to link, environment, connected, remote, to produce, to store, to enter, manner, particular, to use, similar, to differ, however, regardless of, to receive, to call, major, speed, to transfer, entirely, complex, motion, alike, to go out, related, nevertheless, to keep, to carry, movement, equipment, to manufacture, to name, velocity, special, to connect, way, to vary, to accept, wholly, in spite of, to apply, far, to accomplish, to come in, main, sophisticated

b) opposite meaning:

input, to enter, external, independent, remote, similar, to receive, available, high, complex, moving, dependent, low-speed, to go out, stationary, internal, unlike, simple, unavailable, output, near, to give

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

to link the computer to its external environment, a human-related input environment, a reel of magnetic tape, a manner similar to typing, regardless of the forms, to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics, to adapt the output to the external environment, the major differences between devices are the media, high-speed devices, mechanical moving parts, voice recognition and response units

II. Give English equivalents to the following Ukrainian word-combinations:

система обробки даних, термінал дистанційного пакетного опрацювання, потік вуличного руху, котушка з магнітною стрічкою, зберігати в двійковому форматі, подібний до друкування, сканер штрихового коду, головні відмінності, передавати дані, не дивлячись на, змінити процес у зворотньому напрямку, у відповідності, режим роботи

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. There are different input and output devices that can be connected to the computer. 2. The disk is also called diskette, or flexible disk, or just floppy. 3. If you are using a computer with a printer in the office, or have a printer attached to the terminal you are using, then it is probably of two types, a daisy wheel printer (пелюстковий друкарський пристрій) or a matrix printer (матричний друкарський пристрій) 4. A mouse is a small plastic box on the desk in front of you. It moves the cursor which is a flashing square or arrow that is used to point to something on the screen of the monitor. 5. The input-output ports are used to feed information into computers as well as to take it out. 6. The part that looks like a small television set is called a video display or CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) or simply the tube.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the word that.

1. We could use that apparatus for various kinds of tests provided it were in our laboratory. 2. We know that electric current consists in the motion of electrons through an electric conductor. 3. A wire through which an electric current passes usually looks exactly like one that does not carry a current.4.That water boils, when sufficiently heated, is common knowledge. 5. The advantage of the device is that it consumes much less power compared to the one which we received a few weeks ago. 6. It is heat that causes many chemical changes, it is heat that enables us to do work utilizing suitable machines.

V. Translate the sentences and define tense and voice of the predicate.

1. Computers were first introduced in 40’s and 50’s. 2. Now DOS (Disk Operating System – ДОС) isn’t commonly used PC operating system. 3. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. 4. Today the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse are controlled and managed by operating systems. 5. Microsoft Corporation is oriented to produce as many programs as needed to meet people’s needs. 6. More than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. 7. A new car model was much spoken about. 8. His experience in the field of materials science can be relied upon. 9. The new discovery was often referred to. 10. Laser was dreamt of by mankind for centuries. 11. The appearance of laser was followed by the fabrication of ultra thin silicon fibers servicing as lightwave conductors (світлопровід).

VI. State parts of speech the words in bold type belong to. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “cause”:

Note: cause n – причина

cause v – викликати що-небудь

cause + інфінітив – примусити

1. Concentrated nitric acid can be safely stored in aluminium vessels, but if a leak occurs from a defective point, it may cause external corrosion. 2. Radioactive rays were observed to cause the air through which they pass to become a conductor of electricity. 3. An expert panel of food technologists conclude that the techniques for food preservation used today do not cause major nutrient loss in foods. 4. The next question to be considered is the nature of the radiation that nuclear decay causes. 5. They had to remove the cause of the trouble.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “because”:

Note: because cj – оскільки, тому що

because of prep – внаслідок

1. The compound involving radicals are often ionic because of the transfer of electrons. 2. In the oil-water separation, the water will be the low phase because it is slightly denser than oil. 3. Because carbon monoxide is odourless, the presence of this gas is not easily detected. 4. Phosphorus is never found free in nature because of its strong affinity for oxygen. 5. While this method is not the most common or most useful it is necessary to consider it because it is still used in laboratory experiments. 6. A phase separation between liquids can usually be observed as two distinct layers because of the different light refractive properties of the liquids.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Spelling checkers

Most word-processing programs allow you to create, edit (редагувати), format, print, and save documents. Some of them come with a spelling checker (програма пошуку орфографічних помилок). A spelling checker works with a word-processing program to find misspelled (неправильно написаний) words in your document. It does this by matching each word in your document with a list of words that have been programmed into its memory. This list is usually called a dictionary, but the name is misleading (що вводить в оману). Spelling checkers have no way of knowing what a word means. Their “dictionaries” are simply lists of properly spelled words.

When a spelling checker finds a word that does not match any of the words in its dictionary, it displays (відображати) the word. Then you decide whether to change it or, if it is spelled correctly, add it to the spelling checker’s dictionary. This is often necessary, since the dictionary does not contain every word you will want to use. Unusual words, technical terms, and proper names will usually need to be added to the dictionary.

While a spelling checker can help you with your writing, it is not a substitute for good language skills. Because it only matches combinations of letters, a spelling checker cannot determine whether you are using words correctly. For example, if you use too in a sentence that require two, a spelling checker will not detect the error because too is spelled correctly.

If you are typing the sentence “I wish I were at the beach” and you make a mistake and type “I fish I were at the beach”, the spelling checker will not detect the error, since fish is properly spelled.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is the function of I/O units?

2. What types of I/O environment do you know?

3. What is the example of human-related input environment?

4. What is the example of human-independent input environment?

5. What are input interfaces designed for?

6. What are the major differences between the various I/O devices?

7. How can I/O devices be classified?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON FOURTEEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

keyboard, panel, digital, tuner, indicator, interface, software, cursor, simplify, image, vertical, textual, portable, plotter, format, analog, synthesize

c) stress the second syllable:

transfer, numerical, provide, display, require, command, capacity, respond, convert

d) stress the third syllable:

capability, horizontal, application, possibility

II. Practice connected reading:

several devices, inputting information, graphical plotting tables, digital cameras, to transfer information, light indicators, more advanced graphics, design capabilities of graphics, graphical interface, to use buttons differently, the optic-mechanical input device, to control the cursor movement, to simplify user’s orientation on the display, to issue changes in commands, tracking horizontal movement, graphical plotting tables, digital videocameras, to get high quality photos, sound conversion from analog to digital form, special game-ports and joystics

Text. A INPUT DEVICES

There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards, etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.

Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabilities of graphics and text representation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usually used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.

The mouse is the optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user’s orientation on the display. The mouse’s primary functions are to help the user draw, point and select images on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.

In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase images. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse’s vertical movements, the other is tracking horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giving the user good control over the textual and graphical images.

In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.

Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in drawing and inputting manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permitting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their capacity to respond to the force of pen pressing.

Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photographies, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.

Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital computer format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.

Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digital form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joystics are widely used in computer games.

Vocabulary notes

1. keyboard клавіатура

2. coordinate узгоджений

3. trackball кульовий маніпуляторний вказівник

4. touch panel сенсорна панель

5. plotting table планшетний графобудівельник

6. digital camera цифровий фотоапарат

7. TV tuner селектор телевізійних каналів

8. sound card звукова плата

9. key клавіша

10. operating mode робочий режим

11. advanced покращений, вдосконалений

12. representation зображення

13. display екран дисплея

14. to depress натиснути (на клавішу)

15. double click подвійне клацання

16. to issue видавати (команди)

17. to erase усувати, знищувати

18. roller ролик

19. to track простежувати

20. to glide плавно рухатися, ковзати

21. touch pad сенсорна клавіатура

22. instead of замість (чогось)

23. manuscript text рукописний текст

24. capacity ємність, місткість, здатність

25. joystick джойсик, координатна ручка

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

information, scanner, text, indicator, design, graphics, display, interface, cursor, orientation, program, vertical, horizontal, manuscript, slide, photograph, format, port, joystick

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

Person – personal, capable – capability, different – differently, to move – movement, pressed – depressed, horizon – horizontal, to respond – response – responsible – responsibility – irresponsibility, possible – possibility, to convert – conversion, to accomplish – accomplishment, digit – digital – digitizer, to scan – scanner, to transform – transformer - transformation

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

several, information, to transfer, to enable, numerical, key, advanced, each, movement, to help, to select, to require, to erase, to track, keyboard, to transform, application, to respond, recently, to delete, to carry, motion, lately, pad, to choose, every, some, to give the possibility, to watch, to convert, to demand, data, digital, to assist, usage, progressive, button, to react

b) opposite meaning:

input, popular, common, upper, to simplify, differently, easily, recently, possibility, hard, unpopular, to complicate, uncommon, for a long time, output, low, in the same way, impossibility

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

input devices, mouse, track ball, keyboard, several devices, inputting information, graphical plotting tables, digital cameras, to transfer information, light indicators, more advanced graphics, design capabilities of graphics, graphical interface, to use buttons differently, the optic-mechanical input device, to control the cursor movement, to simplify user’s orientation on the display, to issue changes in commands, tracking horizontal movement, graphical plotting tables, digital videocameras, to get high quality photos, sound conversion from analog to digital form, special game-ports and joystics

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

введення інформації в компю’тер, клавіатура, кульовий маніпуляторний вказівник, мишка (маніпулятора), сканер, передавати інформацію, повідомляти про робочий режим, текстове зображення, світловий індикатор, сенсорна панель, програмне забезпечення, селектор телевізійних каналів, контролювати рух курсора, вертикальний рух, сенсорна клавіатура, замість маніпуляторів, планшетний графобудівельник, цифрова відеокамера, звукова плата

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory of a computer. 2. Four commonly used input devices are the keyboard, the mouse, a microphone, and a PC camera. 3. A computer keyboard contains keys that allow you to type letters of the alphabet, numbers, spaces, punctuation marks, and other symbols. 4. A computer keyboard contains special keys that allow you to perform specific functions on the computer. 5. A mouse is a small handheld device that contains at least one button. 6. A mouse controls the movement of a symbol on the screen called a pointer. 7. A microphone allows you to speak to the computer in order to enter data and control the actions of the computer. 8. A PC camera allows others to see you while communicating with you, edit videos, create a movie, and take digital photographs.

IV. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Complex Object.

1. The students watched the operator control the functioning of the equipment. 2. He considers this device to be made on semiconductors. 3. The engineers wanted this phenomenon to be investigated in their laboratory. 4. M. Curie found the atomic weight of radium to be 226. 5. We consider nuclear energy to be the prime source of heat energy. 6. Any student must know a voltmeter to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit. 7. We saw the dimension of the body change under different temperature.

V. Translate the following conditional sentences into Ukrainian.

1. If metal is heated the electrons move faster. 2. Provided they regarded these new methods once more they would apply them in their research. 3. Were he able to complete his experiment he would surprise us with the results obtained. 4. It would be much easier to compute satellite orbits if the Earth were perfectly spherical and had no atmosphere. 4. If there were no friction we could not even walk. 5. But for electricity little could be done in a modern research laboratory. 6. Were there no atmosphere, the surface of the Earth would become too hot by day and too cold at night. 7. If they had completed the research, the results would have been discussed at the conference.

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “make ”:

Note: make (made) v – робити

make + іменник + інфінітив без частки to – примушувати

(якщо дієслово to make вживається в Passive, інфінітив має частку to)

to make up – складати

to make up for – відновлювати

1. The question is what makes a chemical reaction go. 2. When Mendeleyev reached iron he had to make an eighth column with the three elements - iron, cobalt and nickel in it. 3. No plans were made to analyze the new substance. 4. The laboratory assistant was made to repeat that experiment. 5. There are other processes in nature by which nitrogen is made up for. 6. Each nucleus contains enough protons to account for the positive charge of the nucleus, the balance in the weight is made up of neutrons.

VII. Translate the word-combinations paying attention to the meaning of prefixes.

to operate without recharging, to overestimate the results of the investigation, to superheat the compound, to enrich the metal, to turn out the semi-manufactured parts, interplanetary communication, the property of superconductivity.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Hackers of today

Hackers (хакер, експерт, програміст-фанатик, програміст-зловмисник) having started as toy railroad circuitry designers in the late fifties, are completely new people now. Once turned to computers, they became gods and devils. Nowadays holders (власник) and users of the World Wide Web (глобальна мережа серверів) hide their PCs under password when the keyword (ключове слово) “hacker” is heard. When and how did this change take place? Why are we so frightened of Hacker the Mighty and the Elusive (невловимий)?

One of the legends says that hackers have changed under the influence of “ crackers ” (зломщик) – the people who loved to talk on the phone at somebody else’s expense. Those people hooked up (підключитися) to any number and enjoyed the pleasure of telephone conversation, leaving the most fun (жарт, забава)– bills – for the victim. Another legend tells us that modern hackers were born when a new computer game concept was invented. Rules were very simple: two computer programs were fighting for the reign (панування) on the computer. Memory, disk-space and CPU time were the battlefield. The results of that game are two in number and are well known: hackers and computer viruses. One more story tells that the “new” hackers came to existence when two MIT students that attended the AI (Artificial Intelligence – штучний інтелект) Lab found an error in a network program. They let people, responsible for the network, know but with no result. The offended (ображені) wrote a code that completely paralyzed the network and only after that the error was fixed. By the way, those students founded The Motorola Company later.

Today, when Internet has entered everyone’s house there is no shield (щит, захист) between a hacker and your PC. You can password yourself up, but the either hacker will crack your PC anyway (у будь-який спосіб) or nobody will enter your site, because passwords kill accessibility. If your PC is easy to access no one can guarantee what’ll happen to your computer – hackers, you know them.

Monsters? Chimeras (потвора)? Not at all! Every hacker is a human being and has soft (тихий, спокійний, вишуканий) spots: good food, pretty girls or boys, classic music, hot chocolate at the fireplace, apple pie on Sunday. Hacker is first of all a connoisseur, a professional with no computer secret out of his experience. And what is the application for skills depends on him, God, and Holy Spirit.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?

2. What was the most common device in early personal computers?

3. What is the function of a keyboard?

4. Why do many users prefer manipulators to keyboard?

5. How does a mouse operate?

6. What is its function?

7. Where do graphical plotting tables, sound cards, and scanners find their application?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON FIFTEEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

permanent, character, impact, literally, iron, content, mechanism, solid, rotate, rapidly, equal

b) stress the second syllable:

performance, identify, approach, addition, requirement, affect, magnetic, approach, machine, observer, cylindrical, emerge, variety, technique

II. Practice connected reading:

human-readable form, the most commonly used output devices, to vary greatly in performance and design, to classify printers, line printers and page printers, three different approaches to printing, to print only one character at a time, computers of all sizes, letter-quality printers, the ink-jet printer, to spray small drops of ink onto paper, to have a high iron content, to be affected by magnetic fields, to be used for high-volume paper output, to vary from 100 to 2,500 lines per minute, to rotate at a rapid speed

Text A. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS

Printers provide information in a permanent, human-readable form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. We will classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a different speed range. In addition, printers can be described as either impact or non-impact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Non-impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A typewriter is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix printers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers – in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form printed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affected by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their printing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be printing a line at a time. They are impact printers. The speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2,500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms.

Two of the most common print mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drum printers use a solid, cylindrical drums, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of drum printers vary from 200 to over 2,000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their characters set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2,400 lines per minute.

Page printers are high-speed non-impact printers. Their printing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophotographic techniques, have developed from the paper copier technology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18,000 lines per minute

Vocabulary notes

1. output device пристрій для виведення

2. human-readable легкий для читання людиною

3. approach технологія, метод

4. to vary відрізнятися

5. performance 1) (робоча) характеристика

2) експлуатаційні дані

6. character printer пристрій посимвольного друку

7. line printer пристрій друку рядками

8. page printer пристрій друку сторінками

9. impact printer пристрій контактного друку

10. non-impact printer безконтактний друкарський пристрій

11. to hit натискувати

12. to impact ударяти

13. hammer ударний механізм (у друкарських

пристроях

14. character символ, знак, літера

15. at a time одночасно, відразу

16. typewriter друкарський пристрій

17. literally буквально

18. as well as так само як

19. letter-quality printer високоякісний друкарський пристрій

20. dot-matrix printer матричний друкарський пристрій

21. ink-jet printer пристрій струменевого друку

22. drum printer барабанний друкарський пристрій

23. chain ланцюг

24. print chain друкарський (літерний) ланцюжок

25. copier пристрій копіювання

26. lazer-beam printer лазерний друкарський пристрій

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

printer, information, form, component, computer, system, design, electromechanical, mechanism, microcomputer, second, machine, technique, electrophotographic, technology

II. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

to provide, to vary, different, speed, to use, to cause, to call, example, several, newest, to rotate, rapid, to appear, rate, latest, to give, to name, to apply, to emerge, to make, to differ, instance, various, some, to revolve, fast

b) opposite meaning:

permanent, different, impact, fast, high, common, to emerge, the same, uncommon, non-impact, changeable, slow, to disappear, low

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

Output devices, human-readable form, the most commonly used output devices, to vary greatly in performance and design, to classify printers, line printers and page printers, three different approaches to printing, to print only one character at a time, computers of all sizes, letter-quality printers, the ink-jet printer, to spray small drops of ink onto paper, to have a high iron content, to be affected by magnetic fields, to be used for high-volume paper output, to vary from 100 to 2,500 lines per minute, to rotate at a rapid speed

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

пристрій виведення інформації, експлуатаційні дані, різні способи друкування, пристрій друку рядками, пристрої контактного і безконтактного друку, примушувати, пристрої посимвольного друку, високоякісний друкарський пристрій, гірша якість друкування, пристрій струменевого друку, високий вміст заліза, приймати форму, маленькі краплини чорнила, обертатися з великою швидкістю, лазерний друкарський пристрій

III. Define the forms and functions of Gerund.

1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose. 2. Newton’s having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. 3. Upon being heated the molecules begin moving very rapidly. 4. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. 5. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers.6. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization. 7. After investigating many materials engineers selected aluminium for constructing this device.

IV. Define the functions of should and would in the following sentences.

1. He thought that you would work at this problem. 2. Everybody should come here by five o’clock. 3. If we began the work tomorrow, it would be finished by the end of the week. 4. He said that he would mention your work in his report. 5. You should insist on his doing that work. 6. They hoped that they would succeed in their experimental work. 7. Every building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating systems.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of the Infinitive.

1. Their purpose was to obtain a new alloy. 2. The alloy to be used for this purpose will contain little iron. 3. The machinery to be installed in this shop is provided with automatic devices. 4. To understand this phenomena is to understand the structure of atoms. 5. These substances are said to form an alloy. 6. The problem to be solved is difficult. 7. Plastics are supposed to be used instead of metals in many cases. 8. Certain properties of matter appear to be always the same under definite conditions. 9. Television is said to have both advantages and disadvantages. 10. I want this experiment to be carried out today.

VI. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Complex Subject Construction.

1. Polymers are said to be the dynamic part of industry particularly plastics and fibers. 2. Passenger traffic is expected to continue increasing. 3. The laser beam seems to have almost unlimited industrial possibilities. 4. These chemical changes proved to have been caused by heat. 5. Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity at about the same time

VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

Note: either – будь-який; також

either … or – або … або

neither – жоден (з двох)

neither … nor – ні … ні

both – обидва

both … and – як … так і

1. Either of these substances can be used in this analysis. 2. Homogeneous materials may be classified either into compounds and elements or into solutions. 3. Both substances were examined before solving. 4. Neither weak acids nor weak bases could react with aluminium hydroxide to produce salts. 5. In his research work he could use neither of these techniques. 6. Both the volume and the shape of the crystalline solid can be altered, but only by application of considerable force. 7. A reversible decomposition of either kind is known as thermal dissociation. 8. The crystals deposited were neither colourless. 9. Hydroxide is itself very weak both as an acid and as a base. 10. Both substances were used in the reaction after their purification. 11. The molecules of a solid are also in motion, but they are limited both in the manner and range of movement. 12. I know the composition of the mixture neither.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Voice synthesis and voice recognition

You’ve probably already heard computers talk to you in certain games and toys. These applications are known as voice synthesis (синтез мови) – the ability of computers to mimic (імітувати) the sound of the human voice.

Although some computers can recognize (розпізнати) and imitate the human voice today, their abilities are rather limited. They recognize only a few hundred words at most, and each word often has to be repeated in order for the computer to really understand it. The same is true with talking computers. Their vocabulary is very small compared to the average human’s vocabulary. This situation, however, is rapidly changing.

To recognize human speech, a computer first has to convert the speech sounds into electrical signals. Then the computer scans the electrical signals and converts it to a series of numbers – 1’s and 0’s. This is known as digitizing (перетворення у цифрову форму) the sound wave. The computer then compares the patterns of numbers to other patterns that have been stored in its memory. When the new pattern exactly matches a stored pattern, the computer “recognizes” or “understands” the word.

Most humans do not have a problem of understanding the same word spoken by two or three different people, unless one has a very heavy accent (сильний акцент). Humans are able to screen out (ретельно відбирати) the characteristics of the person’s voice and concentrate on what is being said. Computers, so far, do not have this ability. To most of today’s computers the same word spoken by three different people is really the same as three different words.

Another problem facing computer designers is the fact that humans talk fast and mumble (мимрити).

Computers also have trouble distinguishing between words and phrases that sound the same. For example, most native speakers of English pronounce “the sky” and “this guy” in the same way. Another person will know which meaning is meant by listening to the other words in the sentence. Scientists and engineers are attempting to program computers with the same ability.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is the classification of printers according to speed range of their printing?

2. What are character printers?

3. What is the speed range of letter-quality printers?

4. What is the performance of dot-matrix printers?

5. What is one of the newest types of character printers?

6. What printer is used for high-volume paper output?

7. What printers are considered to be high-speed ones?

8. What printers create printer output at a rate equal to 18, 000 lines per minute?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON SIXTEEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

personal, category, calendar, maintenance, software, modify, manner, income, architect, lawyer, impetus, literacy

b) stress the second syllable:

professional, exciting, adventure, account, finance, investment, appliance, display, delete, extensive, financial, advisor, consultant, statistical, extent, demand, assist, assignment

c) stress the third syllable:

application, engineering, popularity, occupation, educational, simulation, scientific

II. Practice connected reading:

some major categories of applications, word processing, to enjoy great popularity, an exciting hobby, the full capabilities of a computer, checking account management, investment analyses, applications software, to correct or modify any document, to correct mistakes, to add or delete sentences, income tax preparation, have a profound influence upon the classroom, to give impetus to the design of programmed learning materials, to meet the demands of student and teacher, computer-managed instruction, computer-assisted instruction, computer literacy, programming languages

Text A. APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.

The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including: checking account management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.

Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use.

Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modelling program most widely used by professionals.

Educational. Personal computers are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of students and teachers.

Two important types of uses for prsonal computers in education are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.

Vocabulary notes

1. home compute побутовий комп’ютер

2. word-processing опрацювання текстів

3. scientific computer комп’ютер для наукових розрахунків

4. engineering computer комп’ютер для технічних розрахунків

5. hobby computer комп’ютер для любительського

використання

6. to enjoy popularity користуватися популярністю

7. exciting захоплюючий

8. capabilities можливості

9. checking account поточний рахунок

10. management ведення; управління і контроль

11. budjeting складання кошторису

12. finance фінансова справа

13. investment analysis аналіз економічної ефективності

капіталовкладень

14. telephone answering телефонний автовідповідач

15. dialing встановлення автоматичного зв’язку

16. environment control контроль за станом навколишнього

середовища

17. climate control контроль за температурним режимом

18. appliance control контроль за побутовими

електроприоадами

19. maintenance ведення (файлу)

20. mailing поштове відділення

21. application software прикладне програмне забезпечення

22. to modify видозмінювати

23. CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube)

monitor монітор на електронному кінескопі

24. to view переглядати

25. spelling правопис

26. to delete вилучити

27. paragraph абзац

28. desk-top настільний

29. accountant бухгалтер- експерт

30. financial adviser фінансовий радник

31. stock broker брокер фондової біржі

32. tax consultant консультант з питань податків

33. educator вихователь, педагог

34. application program прикладна програма

35. accounting бухгалтерський облік

36. income tax прибутковий податок

37. stock market фондова біржа, ринок акцій

38. worksheet робоча таблиця

39. by far безсумнівно

40. schedulling розподіл

41. to give an impetus to стимулювати

42. to meet the demand відповідати вимогам

43. CAI комп’ютеризоване навчання

(computer assisted instruction)

44. CMI навчання, яке керується комп’ютером

(computer managed instruction)

45. record keeping ведення обліку

46. grading класифікування

47. computer litaracy комп’ютерна грамотність

48. simulation моделювання

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

category, hobby, business, engineer, management, analysis, climate, control, calendar, address, program, document, monitor, display, grammar, paragraph, diskette, broker, consultant, manager, graphic, microcomputer, design, student, instructor

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

person – personal, to apply – application, hobby – hobbyist, to program – programmer, capable – capability, to invest – investment, end – endless, to secure – security, to manage – management, able – to enable, to place – to replace, profession – professional, to occupy – occupation, particular – particularly, account – accountant, finance – financial, to advise – advisor, to educate – educator, to prepare – preparation

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

application, major, engineering, exciting, to modify, manner, printing, persons, particularly, to include, by far, to continue, to assist, simulation, to enable, to delete, play, post, mode, test, book-keeper, director, teacher, error, thrilling, specially, modeling, way, surely, to erase, accountant, mistake, usage, people, technical, game, control, to go on, typing, to involve, to help, to give possibility, mail, manager, way, educator

b) opposite meaning:

a lot of, exciting, extensive, popular, to increase, important, literacy, real, to finish, to switch on, illiteracy, unpopular, boring, to start, to switch off, intensive, unreal, unimportant, few, to decrease

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

personal computer, some major categories of applications, word processing, to enjoy great popularity, an exciting hobby, the full capabilities of a computer, checking account management, investment analyses, applications software, to correct or modify any document, to correct mistakes, to add or delete sentences, income tax preparation, have a profound influence upon the classroom, to give impetus to the design of programmed learning materials, to meet the demands of students and teachers, computer-managed instruction, computer-assisted instruction, computer literacy, programming languages

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

опрацювання текстів, користуватися великою популярністю, список інших застосувань, ведення поточних рахунків, аналіз економічної ефективності капіталовкладень, коректувати чи видозмінювати документ, вилучати речення, перемістити абзаци, фондова біржа, брокер фондової біржі, комп’ютеризоване навчання, широко використовуватись професіоналами, комп’ютерна грамотність

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. 2. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. 3. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive operating systems seemed to appear daily. 4. A personal computer is a small computer based on a microprocessor, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip. 5. A personal computer has a memory and word size that are smaller than those of minicomputers and large computers. 6. A PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone (автономний) system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place. 7. Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal computer is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode.

IV. Translate into English using appropriate forms of the Infinitive.

1. Речовина, яка мала використовуватися, була ретельно досліджена. 2. Цінна інформація, яку повинні зібрати супутники, допоможе поліпшити раніше отримані результати. 3. Для того, щоб розв’язати цю проблему, вони застосували комп’ютери. 4. Час, необхідний для того, щоб здійснити певну операцію, залежить не тільки від швидкості обчислювального пристрою, а й від швидкості введення (інформації). 5. Завдяки здатності зберігати значну кількість інформації великий комп’ютер використовується для того, щоб робити переклад з однієї мови на іншу. 6. Здатність комп’ютера управляти собою, приймати рішення робить його особливо ефективним.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “times”:

Note: time n – час, період, момент

time v – хронометрувати

числівник + times – (стільки-то разів)

at times – іноді