Vocabulary notes. 2. versatile універсальний

1. to blend змішувати

2. versatile універсальний

3. to simulate моделювати

4. response реакція, характеристика

5. discrete дискретний, переривчастий

6. hybrid аналого-цифровий

7. on-going безперервний, постійний

8. real-time реальний

9. transaction угода

10. to rely on покладатися

11. household побутовий

12. microwave oven мікрохвильова піч

13. sewing machine швейна машина

14. indoor climate клімат приміщень

15. complete укомплектований, завершений

16. housecleaning прибирання будинку (квартири)

17. input вхід, уведення

18. mainframe computer головний комп’ютер

19. home computer побутовий комп’ютер

20. desktop computer настільний комп’ютер

21. general-purpose computer універсальний комп’ютер

22. special-purpose computer спеціалізований комп’ютер

23. word processor текстовий процесор

24. to run працювати

25. a workstation робоча станція

26. laptop computer портативний комп’ютер

27. an embedded computer вмонтований комп’ютер

28. processing unit процесор

29. circuit схема

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

product, idea, process, electronic, information, instructions, fundamental, physical, system, temperature, signal, control, discrete, form, business, machine, industrial, climate, robot, sensor, center

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

product – production, to increase – increasing – increasingly, to inform – information, to instruct – instruction, to process – processing, reliable – reliability, power – powerful, person – personal, wide – widely, volt – voltage, to measure – measurement, to continue – continuous - continuously, accurate – accuracy, to operate – operation, digit – digital, commerce – commercial, nature – natural, to compute – computer – computation, science – scientist – scientific, industry – industrial, to apply – application, to combine – combination, to grow – growth, analogue – analogous

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

to develop, universal, field, application, accuracy, to study, speed, response, to vary, hence, for example, to use, to require, continuous, quantity, to simulate, real-time, computation, transaction, to provide, modern, to blend, to model, reaction, agreement, to evolve, to learn, non-stop, practicable, to differ, exactness, to mix, to secure, calculation, value, to demand, velocity, usage, for instance, general-purpose, up-to-date, branch, thus, to apply

b) opposite meaning:

many, continuous, real-time, natural, to continue, to increase, in the future, complete, modern, important, reliability, expensive, to decrease, unreal, discrete, ancient, few, to stop, unreliability, incomplete, unnatural, in the past, unimportant, cheap

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations

the product of many people’s ideas, the process of development, versatile electronic tools, to store information and instructions, desktop computers, to perform a variety of tasks, to process data with remarkable speed and reliability, to be widely used in many fields, to simulate physical systems, to represent other physical quantities, the measurement of signals, to require continuous measurement and control, the accuracy of operation, several compensating advantages, discrete quantities, both analogue and digital capabilities, household appliances, to provide inputs to the control centers

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

універсальний електронний пристрій, зберігати інформацію і команди, швидкість та надійність, відігравати важливу роль, універсальні комп’ютери, бути призначеним для…, використовуватися в багатьох галузях, моделювати фізичні системи, інші фізичні величини, точність роботи комп’ютера, декілька переваг, мати справу з дискретними величинами, поєднувати можливості аналогового і цифрового компютерів, встановлювати системи контролю в побутових приладах

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. There are three types of computers: the digital computers which manipulate information coded as binary numbers; the analogue computers, which works with continuously varying quantities; and the hybrid computers, which have characteristics of both analogue and digital computers. 2. The analogue machines may be regarded as a model of a physical or mathematical problem. 3. The values of the variables (змінні величини) are represented in the machine by physical quantity and the result is obtained by the measurement of another quantity. 4. The analogue machine, although limited by the accuracy, can deal with continuous variables. 5. Microcomputers are the smallest and most common, used in small business, at home, and in schools. 6. Minicomputers are found in medium-sized businesses and university departments. 7. Mainframes, which can often service several hundred users simultaneously, are found in large organizations, such as national companies and governmental departments.

IV. Translate into English the following sentences.

1. Комп’ютер аналоговий, чи цифровий, – це прилад для математичного розвязання задач. 2. Сучасні комп’ютери можуть вирішувати дуже складні завдання блискавично. 3. Перші електронні машини з’явилися на основі електронної лампи. 4. Поява інтегральних схем і мікропроцесорів дала можливість створити комп’ютери, здатні виконувати сотні мільйонів операцій за сукунду. 5. Комп’ютери можуть виконувати роботу тисяч людей. 6. Наша промисловість випускає декілька типів цифрових комп’ютерів. 7. Електронний комп’ютер може використовуватись для перекладу з однієї мови на іншу.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “that”:

Note: той, та, те (вказівний займенник)

що (сполучник)

That який (відносний займенник)

слово-замінник іменника

те, що

1. We know that in all chemical reactions the weight of the substances that are reacting is equal to the weight of the products obtained. 2. The solid that was used is highly soluble in water. 3. The density of ice is lower than that of liquid. 4. That this system is simple and efficient is generally recognized. 5. That solid is more soluble than this one. 5. After close examination it will be found that water occurring in nature is not pure for it may contain some salt, dust, etc. 6. One must remember that molecules possess kinetic energy, which means that they are in constant motion. 7. None of the method of the past can be compared in simplicity and efficiency to that of our days.

VI. Change the following sentences as in the models:

Model I: We expect that they solve this problem very soon.

We expect them to solve this problem very soon.

1. The scientists know that this phenomenon is important. 2. They suppose that she will take part in this work. 3. We consider that he knows the subject well. 4. Chemists know that isotopes find wide application both in industry and agriculture. 5. They expect the reaction will go to completion. 6. We think that he will help us in this work. 7. I want that he will leave for Lviv.

Model II: I thought that he had returned.

I thought him to have returned. 1. We knew that the delegation had arrived. 2. They learned that he had carried out the experiment by the end of the week. 3. They expected that he had passed his last exam well.

VII. Form the Nouns using the following suffixes and translate them.

- ment: to arrange, to improve, to move, to achieve, to require, to measure

- ing: to mean, to begin, to broadcast, to build, to draw, to coat

- ness: tough, bright, thick, cold, exact, hard, effective

- age: to break, to pass, to use, to leak

- er: to view, to listen, to fight, to found, to boil, to contain, to convert

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

What is software?

No matter how much RAM (Random Access Memory – оперативна пам’ять) your computer has, it won’t be able to accomplish much without software, or programmed instructions. Software comes in different forms. The most visible kind is packaged software (пакетне програмне забезпечення) which you can find in brightly colored boxes at local stores. These packages contain programs; some are games and some are intended for educational or business uses. The programs may be on floppy discs or cartridges (касета). When you buy one of these programs it’s ready to run as soon as you unpack it.

Another kind of program that needs no work on your part is the kind that is built into your computer as ROM (read only memory – постійна пам’ять). Some computers have much more built-in programming than others. A dedicated (спеціалізований) computer – one designed for a particular job – may have a great software included as part of the machine itself. For example, a word processor (текстовий процесор) is really a dedicated computer. The word processing (опрацювання текстів) software is built into it. Because of this, you can’t use it for computing – only for word processing. But a word processor is really to do its job as soon as it is turned on. It doesn’t need outside software to tell it what to do.

The third kind of software is the kind you write yourself. Some people program simply for the pleasure or the challenge (проблема, складна задача) it provides. Others learn programming so that they can develop software geared (пристосувати) to their own unique needs. Many computer users have never written a program of their own and probably never will. They will use computer’s built-in software, and they will run programs that someone else has written. On the other hand, many users will learn to write original programs.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What functions do computer systems perform?

2. What is the difference between analogue and digital computers?

3. Where are digital and analogue computers used?

4. What do we call computers which combine both analogue and digital capabilities?

5. Where do hybrid computers find their applications?

6. What is the classification of computers according to their use?

7. How is it possible to classify computers according to their size?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON ELEVEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

architecture, primary, secondary, sequence, final, detail, locate, contents, binary, digit, value, adequate

b) stress the second syllable:

internal, retain, demand, alternative, adjacent, consecutive, expensive, available

c) stress the third syllable:

intermediate, similarity, combination, represent

d) stress the fourth syllable:

examination, consideration, semiconductor

II. Practice connected reading:

computer system architecture, primary storage unit, to pass through primary storage, examination of the central processing unit, consideration of the input output units, the specific functions of internal storage, intermediate results of processing, similarity to a function of the human brain, without forgetting or changing, quickly upon demand, the combinations of characters, to be used by computer designers, each binary digit, to be limited to 2 alternatives, adjacent storage locations

Text A. STORAGE UNITS

Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit because all data and instructions used by the computer system must pass through primary storage. Our discussion of computer system will begin with the functions of the primary and secondary storage units. This leads to the examination of the central processing unit and from there to the consideration of the input output units. Therefore, the sequence in which we’ll describe the functional units of a digital computer is:

1) storage units, primary and secondary;

2) central processing unit;

3) input and output units.

As you know, there are primary and secondary storage units. Both contain data and the instructions for processing the data. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage.

Primary storage is also called main storage or internal storage. The specific functions of internal storage are to hold: 1) all data to be processed; 2) intermediate results of processing; 3) final results of processing; 4) all the instructions required for ongoing process. Another name for primary storage is memory, because of its similarity to a function of the human brain. However, computer storage differs from human memory in important respects. Computer memory must be able to retain very large numbers of symbol combinations, without forgetting or changing any details. It must be able to locate all its contents quickly upon demand.

The combinations of characters, that is, the letters, numbers, and special symbols by which we usually communicate, are coded. The codes used by computer designers are based upon a number system that has only two possible values, 0 and 1. A number system with only two digits, 0 and 1, is called a binary number system. Each binary digit is called a bit, from Binary digit. As the information capacity of a single bit is limited to 2 alternatives, codes used by computer designers are based upon combinations of bits. These combinations are called binary codes. The most common binary codes are 8-bit codes because an 8-bit code provides for 2/8, or 256 unique combinations of 1’s and 0’s, and this is more than adequate to represent all of the characters by which we communicate.

Data in the form of coded characters are stored in adjacent storage locations in main memory in two principal ways: 1) as “string” of characters – in bytes; and 2) within fixed-size “boxes” – in words. A fixed number of consecutive bits that represent a character is called a byte. The most common byte size is 8-bit byte. Words are usually 1 or more bytes in length.

Primary storage is expensive because each bit is represented by a high-speed device, such as a semiconductor. A million bytes (that is, 8 million bits) is a large amount of primary storage. Often it is necessary to store many millions, sometimes billions, of bytes of data. Therefore slower, less expensive storage units are available for computer systems. These units are called secondary storage. Data are stored in them in the same binary codes as in main storage and are made available to main storage as needed.