Endeavour спроба, намагання

2. to undergo зазнавати, переносити

3. to release звільняти, випускати

4. bit processor 4-бітний процесор

5. clock rate тактова частота

6. processing speed швидкість обробки даних

7. regardless незважаючи на

8. performance характеристика (роботи машини),

експлуатаційні якості

9. desktop size настільного типу, малогабаритний

10. laptop невеликий портативний комп’ютер

11. to fit підходити, поміститися

12. workstation автоматизоване робоче місце (АРМ)

13. to enhance збільшувати, покращувати (якість)

14. capabilities характеристика

15. server computer сервер

16. processing unit процесор (блок обробки даних)

17. input devices пристрої введення інформації

18. memory storage devices пристрої збереження інформації

19. output devices пристрої виведення інформації

20. “bus” шина

21. IBM компанія IBM

22. rival конкуруючий

23. brand торгова марка, бренд

24. roughly приблизно

25. threshold початок, поріг

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

microprocessor, equivalent, electronic, instruction, category, graphics, office, business, supercomputer, system, brand, operation, trillion, evolution, era

III. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to apply – application, electron – electronic, conceptual – conceptually, regard – regardless, to perform – performance, relative – relatively, communicate – communication, capable – capability, use – useful, to serve – server, to govern – government, to establish – establishment, actual – actually, to generate – generation, rough – roughly, recent – recently, to operate – operation, product – productivity, human - humanity

IV. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

endeavour, to receive, similar, fast, roughly, to produce, to remain, tremendous, to get, quick, huge, to stay, to manufacture, approximately, alike, effort

b) opposite meaning:

significant, beginning, to increase, useful, expensive, fast, to connect, to appear, the best, to disappear, insignificant, to disconnect, useless, the worst, end, to decrease, cheap, slow

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

human endeavour, to undergo significant changes, to run at a clock rate, to receive a set of instructions, regardless of size, to be divided into several categories, a relatively low-cost machine, enhanced graphics and communications capabilities, scientific research establishments, a central processing unit, memory storage devices, external world, well-known rival brands, the average computer speed, to process data, tremendous amount of memory, artificial intelligence

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

4-бітний процесор, всі сучасні цифрові обчислювальні машини, виходячи з вартості і технічних характеристик, комп’ютери можна розділити на декілька категорій, відносно дешева машина, комп’ютер дозволяє обробляти більше даних, доступ до величезної кількості пам’яті, автоматизоване робоче місце, мікрокомп’ютер з покращеною графікою і здібностями, дорога машина з ресурсом обслуговування потреб великих підприємств, цифрова обчислювальна машина, пристрій введення інформації, пристрій пам’яті, пристрій виведення інформації, на порозі нової комп’ютерної ери, штучний інтелект

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Modal Verbs and their equivalents:

1. The designers can always improve the operation of these receivers. 2. He could use any transmitter for this system. 3. The scientists are able to construct a new device by using semiconductors. 4. We have to increase the current strength by decreasing the resistance of the circuit. 5. After finishing the experiment scientists will have to discuss the results. 6. The students didn’t have to conduct experiments in this field of science. 7. They didn’t have to analyze these data. 8. We may say that photoelectric properties of transistor are largely used in TV sets. 9. In order to see certain stars we must use a telescope.

IV. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Modal Verbs with the Infinitive Passive.

1. This material may not be used in space technology. 2. It should be noted that these processes cannot be automated. 3. It must not be said that he knows this subject well. 4. It has to be remembered that the machine cannot work at high speeds for a long time. 5. Many new materials had to be developed by the chemists. 6. Space exploration will have to be intensified in the future. 7. This production processes to be further advanced by new technical means. 8. New machinery has to be installed to make this work safe.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words “before”, “after”.

1. Before discovery of the structure of atomic nuclei, it was thought that there existed two general types of forces explaining all natural phenomena: electrical and gravitational forces. 2. The word “helium” come from the Greek “sun” because element was discovered in the sun before it was discovered on the earth. 3. After it became clear that some mistake had been made in the calculation, the experiment was stopped. 4. After a period of discharge the battery can be restored to its original condition by supplying energy to it from an outside source. 5. Some scientific theories existed very many years before they were proved to be true or false.

VI. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “only”:

Note: only adv – тільки

the only – єдиний

not only … but (also) cj – не тільки …, але й

1. It is possible to get the necessary effect only by increasing the temperature. 2. Under these conditions temperature is the only deciding factor. 3. Only a limited number of reactions are known to be influenced by light. 4. The quality of polymer depends not only on the components of its giant molecule, but on its structure as well. 5. Marie Curie investigated all other known elements to find out whether any were radioactive and discovered the fact that thorium proved to be the only other one. 6. There are eight columns, or groups, and 10 rows (7 periods) in the periodic table, and hydrogen is separately classified as the only element in the first period. 7. Mendeleyev not only suggested new elements but also predicted their chemical properties. 8. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on its diameter and length but also on the kind of a substance involved.

VII. Form verbs using the suffixes and translate them into Ukrainian:

- en: length; strength, light, wid(e), broad, bright, hard

- ify: solid, pur(e), simp(e), intens(e), electr(ic), qual(ity);

- ize: magnet, revolution, organ, crystal, character

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Three basic steps in the computer

Input

A program provides the basic instructions the computer must follow in order to do a specific job. Like the basic rules of a game, the program is only the beginning, however. In order to do a job, the computer and the program must also have input (вхідні дані). Input is the data and additional instruction you give to a computer to enable it to do a specific job. The input may be in the form of numbers, letters, words, or pictures.

The computer may receive input through a keyboard (клавіатура), which looks very much like the keyboard on an ordinary typewriter (друкарський пристрій). It may also receive input from a disk or cassette. Until a computer receives input, it can do nothing.

Processing

What does a computer do with the information it receives? Like the human brain, it sorts information, puts it into usable form, and does calculations. This step is called processing.

Output

Finally, the computer does something with the information it processes. It usually displays the results, often on a screen or on paper. The product of computer processing is called output (вихідні дані). Output is the information the computer produces as a result of its work.

You are likely to see this three-step process – input, processing, output – in many day-to-day (повсякденний) activities, such as when you use a pocket calculator. In a calculator the input consists of numbers that you press on its keypad (додаткова цифрова клавіатура) – let’s say the numbers 3 and 7. The processing occurs after you tell the calculator what you want it to do for example, multiply. The output – 21 – appears on a little screen at the top of the calculator.

The calculator can process the same information in different ways. You might have asked it to add the two numbers, in which case “10” would have appeared on the screen.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text A and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. When was the first microprocessor, the 4004, developed? Who did it?

1. What power have computers nowadays?
2. What two companies are the leaders in producing microprocessing units nowadays?
3. What was the initial Pentium power?
4. When did the digital computer’s era start?
5. What is digital computer?
6. What advantages have 64-bit computing system over 32-bit computers?
7. What are the most wide-spread computers in our country today?
8. What two well-known rival brands in the micro processing market do you know?
9. How many generations can Intel microprocessors be roughly divided into?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON FIVE

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

ordinary, nuclear, dangerous, modem, accurate, nowadays, drastically,

b) stress the second syllable:

embrace, communicate, survive, approximately, reliable, alternative, expensive, security, intercept, tremendous

c) stress the third syllable:

radiation, destination,

II. Practice connected reading:

ordinary life, computer network, millions of users, military experiment, to survive during a nuclear war, to be polluted by radiation, to take the shortest and safest path, to stay in touch with each other, packet switching, through the telephone line, Internet host computers, the accurate number of users, fairly approximately, e-mail messages, unreliable telecommunications systems, local service providers, to work through the Internet, towards destination, to intercept and change the data, a huge amount of information

Text A. INTERNET AND MODERN LIFE

The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.

Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.

Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundred of millions of users and their number is growing.

Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the Internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, Telnet, FTP servers, etc.

In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they have only to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.

But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the Internet, gambling and playing through the net.

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwithstanding, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.

Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words – an anarchist dream.

Vocabulary Notes

1. to survive вижити

2. path маршрут

3. to stay in touch підтримувати зв’язок

4. packet switching пакетне переключення

5. host computer основний сервер мережі

6. accurate точний

7. approximately приблизно

8. telnet інтернет-телефонія

9. FTP (file transfer protocol) протокол передачі файлів (ППФ)

10. FTP server ППФ-сервер

11. local provider місцевий провайдер

12. drastically різко, радикально

13. to gamble грати в азартні ігри

14. router маршрутизатор

15. an encoding program кодувальна програма

16. notwithstanding проте, однак

17. to crack зламати

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

global, Internet, club, server, businessman, technology, information, radiation, modem, control, international, telecommunication, telephone, alternative, system, provider, problem, special, program, effective, anarchist

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to use – user, to radiate – radiation, danger – dangerous, to inform – information, to invent – invention, fair – fairly, approximate – approximately, to serve – server, reliable – unreliable, to communicate – communication, commerce – commercial, cheap – cheaply, to provide – provider, drastic - drastically

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

ordinary, to embrace, all over the world, to help, to stay, to allow, accurate, approximately, to grow, to provide, can, however, to, different, to change, huge, throughout the world, to ensure, to remain, usual, nearly, to permit, to alternate, notwithstanding, various, to include, to assist, precise, to be able, to increase, towards, tremendous

b) opposite meaning:

to begin, to pollute, dangerous, the shortest, to be able, to allow, accurate, to send, popular, reliable, cheap, the first, to increase, the most important, possible, impossible, everything, to forbid, to clean, to be unable, nothing, unpopular, to decrease, impossible, the last, the less important, to receive, safe, to finish, inaccurate, unreliable, the longest, expensive

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

повсякденне життя, спілкуватися один з одним, воєнний експеримент, вижити в ядерній війні, самий короткий і безпечний маршрут, винахід модемів, посилати інформацію через телефонну лінію, точне число користувачів, електронна пошта, читання новин, інтернет-телефонія, надійна система комунікацій, спілкування з усім світом, телефонний дзвінок до місцевого провайдера, розвиватися швидкими темпами, грати в інтернеті в азартні чи звичайні ігри, проблема безпеки, відправити електронне повідомлення, направити до місця призначення, маршрутизатор, ефективний контроль

II. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. Today the Internet is a common thing. It’s on television, in magazines, newspapers, advertisement, our mobile phones, cars, etc. 2. Internet embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other. 3. E-mail is the most widely used Internet application. 4. Today the Internet is so widespread service that it starts forcing out TV, newspapers and radio from ordinary life. 5. Nowadays the Internet is very helpful because it’s a huge database (база даних) of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. 6. Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication and huge wealth of knowledge. 7. Besides data, one can get from the Internet, we can also send and receive e-mail or electronic mail. 8. We can watch movies through the Internet, listen to music and radio, set conferences, etc. i.e. the Internet provides great number of possibilities to use that help us in our everyday life.

III. Define the functions of the Participle I and translate the sentences.

1. Leaving a transmitting antenna, a radio wave travels in all directions. 2. Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism. 3. The oscillations being produced in the antenna are weak. 4. New data being obtained are necessary for nature investigations. 5. Being perfected the device operated successfully under all conditions. 6. Having been designed by young engineers the solar installation was used for melting metals.7. The man testing this engine belongs to the group exploring damages in motors. 8. While using automatic equipment we release workers from many auxiliary operations.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial Complex.

1. Electrons moving through the conductor, electrical energy is generated. 2. The speed of light being very great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods. 3. Transistors being very sensitive to light, engineers use this property. 4. The current in a circuit was decreased when the resistance was increased, other factors remaining the same. 5. Some radioactive materials have been found in nature, uranium being one of them. 6. The resistance of the body being high, small current flows through the body.

V. Define the function of “it” and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. It will take much time to carry out so very many experiments. 2.To locate target on the surface of the sea or on the ground, it is necessary to determine not only in which direction it lies, but also exactly how far away it is. 3. It does not mean that in all the applications of induction heating only the surface of the body is heated. 4. It is well known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. 5. It is these experiments that led to a discovery of neutron and X-ray emission of great penetrability. 6. It is the programmer that ensures the execution of all operations assigned to the computer. 7. It is the programmer that is the connecting link between the computer and the problem it has to solve. 8. It was not until the 20^th century that electronic computers were constructed and put into operation.

VI. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “as”:

Note:

as – як, в якості; оскільки; в той час як; в міру того, як

as …. as – такий же ….. як, так само …… як

as early as – ще

as little as – тільки, вже

as long as – до тих пір поки, оскільки

as late as – вже, тільки

as soon as – як тільки

as well as – так само як

1. As evaporation continues, the temperature of the water drops. 2. This experiment is as interesting as the previous one. 3. These books were published as early as at the end of the last century. 4. As little as one part of heavy water in 100,000 parts of water may be detected. 5. The existence of neutrons was discovered as late as in 1932. 6. We’ll start our work as soon as a number of experiments is carried out. 7. Physical changes continue as long as the exciting cause exists. 8. The laboratory is the place where experiments as well as scientific research of great significance are carried out.

VII. Forms the words using the prefixes and translate them into Ukrainian.

re-: to construct, construction, to use, to take, to name, to create,

to group, to equip, production;

super -: low, critical, to cool, man, to heat, bomb;

sub -: to divide, division, station, way, group, normal;

en-: able, circle, large, close, force, rich.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. ROM (read-only memory)

A computer has to have a built-in set of instructions. It has to know what to do when it is turned on. Different computers have different kinds of instructions in ROM (ПЗП – постійно запам’ятовувальний пристрій), but some instructions are standard and necessary for all computers. For example, all computers have to know how to do various mathematical computations. The computers can “read” or follow the instructions in ROM but it cannot change them. That’s why the memory is called “read-only”.

RAM (random-access memory)

RAM (ОП – оперативна пам’ять) is the memory that holds the software and other input data while you are working on them. This kind of memory is called random access (довільний доступ) because you can instantly go right to any part of the stored data or program. You do not have to run through all the data stored up to the part that you want to see.

You can easily change input data that is stored in RAM. For instance, you can add a missing name or correct a misspelling. However, many commercial software producers write their programs in such a way as to make it very difficult for you to change them.

RAM is temporary memory. When you turn off the computer, everything that has been stored in RAM disappears. If you want to save data that is stored in RAM, you have to store it externally – that is, outside the computer.

The amount of RAM varies from one computer model to another. But no matter how much RAM your computer has, it is not unlimited. At some point, the memory will be filled. When that happens (or even before it happens) you will need to transfer data from the filled internal storage to some form of external storage.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What is the Internet?

2. When and where did the history of the Internet begin?

3. Why was the Internet designed?

4. What is a modem?

5. Where are most of the Internet host computers?

6. What is the accurate number of Internet users?

7. What is the most popular Internet service today?

8. What are other popular services available on the Internet?

9. What is the most important problem of the Internet?

10. Why is there no effective control in the Internet today?

11. Is there a commercial use of the network today?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON SIX

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

captivate, average, occupy, estimate, currently, recent, overload, local, message, nowadays, access, video, upgrade, fiber, binary, bandwidth, modem, satisfy, customer, reasonable

b) stress the second syllable:

however, amount, expressway, perhaps, refer, according, demand, transporting, enormous, transmit, incredibly, coaxial, solution, provider

c) stress the third syllable:

magazine, electronic

II. Practice connected reading:

one might think, millions of computers, more and more users, an expressway of big city center, according to a recent statistics, the average regular telephone call, the local network, to occupy a line for hours, to cause an overload, their number is growing, to provide new challenges, in the early 90’s, the most demanded means of communication, to be filled with voice messages, to browse the Web, answering machine services, to spend enormous amounts of money, to use fiber optic cables, to transmit binary code, the amount of bandwidth, through the coaxial cable, to deliver television from satellites, reasonable in usage

Text A. THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET

Everywhere we go, we hear about Internet. It’s on television, in magazines, newspapers, and in schools. One might think that this network of millions of computers around the globe is as fast and captivating as television, but with more and more users logging on everyday and staying on longer and longer, this “Information Superhighway” could be perhaps more correctly referred to as an expressway of big city center at rush hour.

It is estimated that thirty five to forty millions users currently are on the Internet. According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call lasts five times as longer as the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause an overload and, in turn, cause telephone network to fail. The local network was designed for short calls which you make and then hang up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours. With so many users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually, it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to read different texts. Then in the early 90’s, a way was made to see pictures and listen to a sound on the Internet. This break-through made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication, data saving and transporting.

However, today’s net is much more than just pictures, texts, and sound. The Internet is now filled with voice messages, video conferencing and video games. With voice messages, users can talk over the Internet for the price of the local phone call. Nowadays we no longer have to own a computer to access the Internet. Now, devices such as Web TV allow our television to browse the Web and use Electronic Mail. Cellular phones are now also dialing up the Internet to provide E-mail and answering machine services. The telephone network was not designed and built to handle these sorts of things. Many telephone companies are spending enormous amounts of money to upgrade the telephone lines.

K. Kao and G. Hockman were the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables, as opposed to copper wire, to carry telephone signals. Fiber optics uses pulses of light to transmit binary code, such as that used in computers and other electronic devices. As a result the amount of bandwidth is incredibly raised. Another solution for the problem is fast modems which satisfy the need for speed.

By accessing the Net through the coaxial cable that provides television to our homes, the speed can be increased 1,000 fold. However, the cable system was built to only send information one way. In other words, they can send stuff to us, but we can’t send anything back, if there is no modem available.

Yet another way is being introduced to access the Internet, and that is through the use of a satellite dish just like the TV dishes currently used to deliver television from satellites in space to your home. However, like cable connection, the information can only be sent one way.

Faster ways of connecting to the Internet may sound like a solution to the problem, but, just as new lanes on highways attract more cars, a faster Internet could attract many times more users, making it even slower than before.

To help solve the problem of Internet clogs, Internet providers are trying new ways of pricing for customers. So, in business time any connection to Net cost more than your connection in the night.

In conclusion, I should add that if we want to keep the Internet usable and fairly fast, we must not only improve the telephone lines and means of access, but also be reasonable in usage.

Vocabulary Notes

1. captivating привабливий

2. to log on входити, підключатись

3. superhighway супершосе

4. to refer to посилатися на …

5. expressway автомагістраль

6. rush hour година пік

7. Internet call інтернет-підключення

8. regular звичайний

9. overload перевантаження

10. in turn в свою чергу

11. to be designed for бути призначеним для

12. to hang up вішати слухавку

13. to provide challenges створювати труднощі

14. breakthrough велике досягнення

15. demanded means затребувальний засіб

16. video conferencing відео-конференц- звязок

17. Web TV веб-телебачення

18. to browse the Web користуватися інтернетом

19. cellular phone стільниковий телефон

20. answering machine автовідповідач

21. to handle мати справу з …

22. to upgrade модернізувати

23. to come up виникати

24. fiber optic cable оптиковолокнистий кабель

25. opposed (тут) замість

26. amount of bandwidth пропускна здатність

27. to access мати доступ

28. coaxial calls коаксіальний кабель

29. to increase 1, 000 fold збільшувати в 1, 000 разів

30. one way односторонній

31. stuff (тут) що-небудь

32. satellite dish супутникова тарілка

33. cable connection кабельне підключення

34. clog засмічення

35. pricing таксація

36. usable придатний для користування

37. reasonable розумний

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to televise – television – televisional; correct – correctly; current – currently; load – overload; to occupy – occupation; annual – annually; to differ – different; to communicate – communication; electron – electronic; credible – incredible – incredibly; to satisfy – satisfaction; to inform – information; to connect – connection; to conclude – conclusion; use – usable; fair – fairly; reason – reasonable

II. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

fast, every year, challenge, breakthrough, however, to have, to handle, regular, to browse the Web, enormous, to upgrade, use, to deal with, to modernize, annually, notwithstanding, ordinary, problem, quick, great achievement, great, usage, to use the Web, to own

b) opposite meaning:

fast, more, beginning, different, early, to increase, correctly, regular, short, often, many, the first, another, to attract, usable, to improve, reasonable, the last, late, less, the same, unreasonable, erroneously, slow, end, to decrease, seldom, to repulse, to worsen, irregular, similar, long, unusable, few

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

по всій земній кулі, велике число користувачів, інформаційне супершосе, перевантажена автомагістраль, свіжі дані статистики, середня тривалість з’єднання, звичайний телефонний дзвінок, вивести телефонну мережу з ладу, займати лінію, створювати нові труднощі, велике досягнення, збереження та транспортування інформації, голосові повідомлення, спілкуватися по інтернету, доступ до інтернету, користуватися інтернетом, модернізація телефонних ліній, передача телефонних сигналів, двійковий код, імпульс світла, пропускна здатність лініїґ, швидкі модеми, одностороння передача інформації, супутникова антена, вирішити проблему, засмічення інтернета, придатний для використання, покращувати телефонні лінії

II. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with each another. 2. In the future, the Internet may have a dramatic impact on higher education and business as more universities offer courses and more companies offer goods and services online. 3. Internet is used to provide access to complex databases. 4. Businesses and institutions can use the Internet for voice and video conferencing and other forms of communication that allow people to telecommute (здійснювати дистанційний доступ), or work from a distance. 5. Internets are formed by connecting networks through computers known as gateways (машина-шлюз) via telephone lines, optical fibers, and radio links.

III. Translate the following sentences, mind the verbs:

1. Each molecule has a microscopic impact force. 2. It has been mentioned that hydrogen is prepared in large quantities because of its many industrial uses. 3. The ability of water to dissolve a wide variety of substances has to be noted. 4. He has been studying this subject for many years. The results of his investigation have to be very interesting. 5. In addition to his experimental work he had to work at the plant. 6. This gas has to be passed through a glass tube at a low temperature. 7. Have you got new devices in your laboratory?

IV. Define the functions of “one” and translate into Ukrainian.

1. When one talk over a telephone, it is not the sound of the voice that travels over the wire, it is an electric current. 2. One watt is the power due to a current of one ampere under the pressure of one volt, therefore watts equal volts times amperes. 3. From this experiment it is clear that these devices are low-powered ones. 4. One of the most important things for the pilot to know is how high he is flying. 5. One should know that geometry treats of the properties, construction, and measurements of lines, surfaces, and solids.

V. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the meaning of the word “time”.

1. The world exists in space and time. 2. Six o’clock is a point of time; six hours is a period of time. 3. The conductivity of this alloy is about 10 times that of iron. 4. Four times five is (are) twenty. 5. Iron was first used in prehistoric times. 6. For the first time a scientific study of the atmosphere of Venus was done practically simultaneously in two parts of the planet. 7. The pulses of radar are timed in such a way that the same aerial can be used for reception as well as for transmission.

VI. Translate the following sentences. Mind the meaning of the words in bold type:

Note: use v – використовувати, вживати, застосовувати

use n. – використання, користь, застосування

used to – мати звичку робити що-небудь

make use of – використовувати,вживати, застосовувати

1. The analytical balances are used for accurate weighing of samples. 2. It was known long ago that oil could be used as a raw material. 3. The combination of atoms and the arrangement of atoms in a molecule used to be regarded as the special field of the chemist. 4. One of the most important uses of electricity is the production of heat. 5. The electric lamp widely used for the generation of light depends on the heating property of electricity. 6. Commercial and home refrigerators make use of Joule-Thopmson effect.

VII. Translate the following words paying attention to the meaning of prefixes “over-”, “inter-”, “under-“.

over – to overestimate to overcharge to overvalue to overheat to overcool to overload to overpay

inter – to interchange to interact to intermix international interstellar interconnection interplanetary

under – to underestimate to undercharge to undervalue to undergo underground underwater undersoil

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Storage methods

You lose any program and data stored in RAM when you turn off the computer. The only way to save a program and data is to store them externally – that is, outside the computer. Once you’ve stored data externally you can load it back into RAM. In this way the storage medium is also a form of input.

Programs and data are stored on disks or flash-memory in the form of magnetic impulses. When you load a program or data into the computer, these impulses are “read” and the data are sent into RAM. The procedure is somewhat like playing a record. When you put a record on your turntable (опорний диск елекропрогравача) the grooves are “read” by the stylus (відтворювальна голка) and the impulses are sent to the system’s amplifier and speakers (гучномовець). The grooves containing the music remain on the record; they do not have to be recaptured and stored again.

Cartridge

A cartridge is a small plastic box that contains a permanent program, somewhat like ROM. The box, about the size of a pocket calculator, plugs into a slot in a microcomputer. Cartridges are often called ROM cartridges because they have read-only memory. As a user, you cannot store anything new on a cartridge. You can only use what is put there by the manufacturer.

Cartridges are fully enclosed (у закритому виконанні) and sturdy (міцний).

Cassette

A cassette is a small reel of magnetic tape in a plastic case – exactly like a music cassette but containing a computer program instead of music. By attaching a simple, fairly inexpensive cassette recorder to some microcomputers, cassette tapes can be used to store programs and data.

Since information must be stored in sequence on the tape, the material stored at the end of the tape can be reached only by running through the whole tape up to that point.

The main advantage of a cassette over other kinds of storage is its comparatively low cost. The main disadvantage is that there is slower access to data with a cassette than with some other storage devices.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. How many users are currently in the Internet?

2. How long does an average Internet call last?

3. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?

4. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?

5. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet today?

6. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables?

7. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON SEVEN

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

input, output, ancient, Europe, Asia, visual, sequence, hierarchy, meaningful

b) stress the second syllable:

processing, unorganized, to record, to convert, to accomplish, facility, equipment, to predict, mechanical, controlling, available, initial, arithmetic, successively

c) stress the third syllable

definition, computation, electronics, comprehensive

II. Practice connected reading:

the definition of data processing, a collection of facts, a series of actions, to convert data into useful information, data processing system, to accomplish the processing of data, a phenomenon of modern life, throughout history, the ancient Egyptians, the ebb and flow of the Nile River, mechanical aids to computations, available for initial or for additional processing, a printed report or visual display, in successively more comprehensive groupings, meaningful collections of related characters

Text A. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact, this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts – unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that convert data into useful information.

We use the term “data processing system” to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output.

The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computations were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.

Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows.

Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful information, such as a printed report or visual display.

Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.

It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called data storage hierarchy. The general groupings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows.

1. Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special symbols.

2. Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields.

Vocabulary Notes

1. to process data обробляти дані

2. definition визначення

3. collection of facts сукупність даних

4. series of actions послідовність дій

5. to convert перетворювати

6. input вхідні дані

7. output вихідні дані

8. to accomplish виконувати

9. facilities засоби, пристрої

10. to consume споживати

11. to house помістити, розмістити

12. to record реєструвати, записувати

13. ebb and flow відплив і приплив

14. to convert перетворювати

15. mechanical aids механічні допоміжні засоби

16. storing збереження

17. character знак, символ

18. data item елемент даних

19. field група розрядів

20. data base (data bank) база (банк) даних

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

fact, operation, system, material, printer, special, phenomenon, recommendation, technology, component, arithmetic, symbol, element, collection, bank

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

use – useful – useless, to define – definition, to collect – collection, organized – unorganized, act – action, to operate – operation, to equip – equipment, to print – printer, history – prehistory, year – yearly, to recommend – recommendation, farm – farmer, mechanics – mechanical, character – characteristic, to add – additional, logic – logical, succession – successive – successively, to comprehend – comprehensive, to store – storage, meaning – meaningful

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

series, to transform, to define, data, to include, type, to provide, to require, to house, modern, throughout, to understand, computation, to continue, basic, to save, to direct, to perform, character, data base, a number, to embrace, to comprehend, to convert, to go on, to demand, to determine, to give, to store, to contain, up-to-date, calculation, data bank, to control, symbol, to carry out

b) opposite meaning:

necessary, useful, organized, modern, easier, ebb, to improve, to continue, powerful, initial, above, meaningful, ancient, powerless, useless, final, unnecessary, harder, to stop, meaningless, flow, unorganized, to worsen, below

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

data are processed, to become useful information, the definition of data processing, a series of actions or operations, to convert inputs, to sort data into forms, to accomplish the processing of data, the need for converting facts, throughout history, to record the ebb and flow of the Nile River, to predict yearly crop yields, mechanical aids to computations, marvels of an electronics technology, the process of entering data, performing arithmetic or logical operations on data, a printed report or visual display, data storage hierarchy, written language symbols,

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

визначення (терміну) обробки даних, сукупність фактів, послідовність дій, перетворення вхідних даних в користну інформацію, система обробки даних, споживати у великій кількості, перетворення фактів в корисну інформацію, протягом доісторичного періоду, реєструвати відпливи та припливи, механічні засоби, введення даних, початкова обробка даних, надруковане повідомлення, візуальне відображення, ієрархія запам’ятовування, набір взаємопов’язаних файлів

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. A computer receives, stores, compares, changes and manipulates data. 2. There are three basic steps in handling data: input – entering data and instructions that enable the computer to do a specific job; processing – sorting data and doing calculations; and output – sending the results of processing to a display device. 3. A computer receives your input through the keyboard, disk drive, and other parts that you use to give it data or instructions. 4. The information that results from the processing is called output. 5. A computer’s ROM is not affected when you turn off the computer.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the conjunction “ The …. the + adjective”

1. The stronger the acid, the greater is the tendency to lose protons. 2. The stronger the magnification, the greater is the possibility to detect whether the body is homogeneous. 3. The faster an object moves, the greater is the air resistance. 4. The lower the atomic weight or atomic number of the inert gas, the lower are its boiling and melting points. 5. The larger the diameter, the smaller the resistance is and hence, the more current will flow through it. 6. The greater the difference in temperature between two points, the more heat will flow per second. 7. The greater the number of free electrons in a substance, the better that substance is a conductor of electricity.

V. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of the Participle II.

1. The operation of the receiving station influenced by a number of factors was discussed by engineers. 2. Molecules of even a good insulator acted upon by electric field produce a motion of electrons due to the field. 3. Some drawbacks of the reactor referred to in this article will be eliminated.

4. The oscillations produced in the antenna are weak. 5. The anti-electron, called positron, was discovered in 1932. 6. At a press conference cosmonauts were asked whether they carried out everything programmed by scientists. 7.Engineers found that the application of synthetic materials had greatly im-proved the quality of the product made. 8. The heat generated by the friction of the match on the box agitated the molecules in the tip of the match. 9. The temperature used depended upon the substances entering the reaction. 10. The molecules of a substance affected by a catalyst are changed more easily.

VI. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list.

a) solution, solve, solvable, solver

1. It may take a lot of time to find a … to a complex problem in programming. 2. A computer can … a problem faster than any human being. 3. A computer has often been referred to as a problem ….

b) remark, remarkable, remarkably

1. Today’s computers are … faster than their predecessors. 2. Systems analysts will often make … about existing programs so as to help make the operations more efficient. 3. There have been … developments in the field of computer science in the last decade.

c) communication, communicate, communicable, communicative, communicably

1. A computer must be able to … with the user. 2. Fibre optics is a new development in the field of …. 3. Some people working in computer installations aren’t very … because they are shy.

VII. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “all”:

Note: all a – весь, вся, все

above all – головним чином

after all – в кінці кінців

at all – зовсім, взагалі

first of all – передусім

all the same – проте, однак

1. All in the earth and in the atmosphere is made up of atoms and molecules. 2. In this article, above all an account of modern practice in infra-red technique is presented. 3. Alpha-rays have positive charges, beta-rays are negatively charged while gamma-rays have no charge at all. 4. All the same, the first atomic energy stations were to be built well away from the thickly-populated areas. 5. After all, the rays of the sun as a source of power can be put to work without much costly machinery. 6. First of all you have to know the most important chemical laws underlying these natural phenomina.

VIII. Translate the following words with prefixes “dis”-, “in-“, “im-“, “il-“, “un-“.

continuous to charge to close to connect advantage regular complete

discontinuous to discharge to disclose to disconnect disadvantage irregular incomplete

correct divisible accurate movable logical important practical

incorrect indivisible inaccurate immovable illogical unimportant impractical

XI. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Operating systems

An operating system provides the basic instructions that tell the computer how to handle certain tasks necessary for it to work. The operating system of a large computer can be very complicated, because it has to control so many functions. A microcomputer’s operating system is simple by comparison.

Suppose you had a computer with no operating system. (Yes, there are such machines.) You would have to write a program – a very complex program – in order to get the computer to do anything. Among other things, you would have to explain in your program how the computer should interpret the pressing of each key. Such a computer provides good training for a computer scientist, but it is of little value to most ordinary users.

An operating system gets you over that hurdle (перешкода). It consists of a set of prewritten instructions. The operating system is the program that makes it possible for you to run all other programs that are available or can be written for your computer. The operating-system program may exist just in ROM. Or it may exist partly in ROM and partly on a disk or tape.

Disk operating systems

A disk operating system (дискова операційна система), or DOS is a program that controls the storage of information on disks. DOS also makes it possible for the computer to use various programs that are already stored on disks. Most packaged programs for computers are available on disks, and the DOS is what gets these programs started. Obviously, the system requires a disk drive (дисковод).

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What is data processing?

2. What is the difference between the input and the output?

3. What basic operations does a data processing system include?

4. What is inputting/ storing/ outputting information?

5. What groupings are called a data storage hierarchy?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON EIGHT

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

oriented, imitate, accuracy, error, vulnerable, challenge

b) stress the second syllable:

advantage, correctly, eliminate, reduce, invalid, capacity, retrieve, respond, objective, routine, effectively

c) stress the third syllable:

capability, possibility, computational, reservation, opportunity

d) stress the fourth syllable:

manipulation, communication,

II. Practice connected reading:

computer-oriented data processing system, to imitate manual systems, to combine the capabilities, to take advantage of four capabilities, the need for further manipulation, to make computational errors, to remain vulnerable, wherever needed by communications networks, a travel reservation system, far beyond the capabilities of humans, the cost per character, a fraction of a second, error-prone tasks, the most cost-effective computer data processing system, to respond to the challenges and opportunities

Text A. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

Computer-oriented data processing system or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers.

1) Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possibility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly programmed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.

2) Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be transmitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reservation system is an example of a data communication network.

3) Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic discs is constantly increasing. All the while, the cost per character of data stored is decreasing.

4) Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing systems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if clients had to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second.

Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society.

Vocabulary Notes

1. computer-oriented машино-орієнтований

2. manual неавтоматизований

3. to be designed бути призначеним

4. to take advantage скористатись (з чогось)

5. accuracy точність, правильність

6. once як тільки

7. component блок

8. manipulation опрацювання,маніпулювання

9. vulnerable уразливий

10. invalid помилковий

11. wherever де б не, куди б не

12. earth or satellite-based systems системи наземного чи

супутникового базування

13. travel reservation system система переміщення даних

14. data communication network мережа зв’язку даних

15. capacity здатність

16. to retrieve здійснювати пошук

17. all the while весь час

18. character цифра, буква

19. to respond відповідати, реагувати

20. error-prone схильний до помилки

21. cost-effective рентабельний

22. to respond to the challenge відповісти на виклик

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

component, communication, satellite, information, magnetic, disc, client, second, design, industrial, effective

III. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to eliminate – eliminator – elimination – unlimited, to respond – response – responsible – responsibility, accuracy – accurate – accurately – inaccurate, correct – corrector – correctly – correction – incorrect, vulnerable – vulnerability – invulnerable – invulnerability, valid – validity – invalid – invalidity, effect – effective – effectiveness

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

to take advantage, accuracy, correctly, to eliminate, error, to reduce, to remain, invalid, to store, vast amount, to retrieve, all the while, speed, to respond, for example, objective, to allow, all the time, to permit, rightly, velocity, mistake, erroneous, to look for, exactness, to keep, to answer, aim, a great quantity, for instance, to stay, to profit, to remove, to decrease

b) opposite meaning:

capability, advantage, possibility, correctly, likely, to remain, valid, vast, to decrease, dependent, invalid, impossibility, to increase, independent, wrongly, incapability, little, disadvantage, unlikely, to leave

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

computer-oriented data processing system, to be designed to imitate manual systems, to combine the capabilities, to take advantages of capabilities, to enter correctly into the computer component, to reduce the possibility of error, to remain vulnerable, invalid data, either earth or satellite-based systems, to store information, beyond the capabilities of humans, to decrease the cost per character, to add to the value, a fraction of a second, to free humans from error-prone tasks, to do the job at the least cost, information-dependent society

II. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. The use of a computer is known to provide a vast opportunity for finding answers to many of our most complex social problems as well. 2. The operating speed of the future computers will be measured in nanoseconds. 3. The computers of tomorrow will respond to handwriting, to images, and to spoken commands. 4. A global link-up (з’єднання) of computers will be accomplished through communication satellites, high-capacity transistorized cables, microwave insulated tubes, as well as standard telephone and telegraph links. 5. In the future laser beams will be used to transmit vast quantities of information in the form of light through special cables.

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the functions of the Infinitives:

1. The purpose of these experiments was to observe properties of the element involved. 2. The aim of these research workers is to find out the required element. 3. The apparatus to be used in our work was constructed in our laboratory. 4. Where is the mixture to be heated? 5. To develop the supercomputer, highly developed electronics and new materials were required. 6. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer. 7. Experiments helped Mendeleev to discover the properties of new chemical elements.

IV. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list

a) operation, operate, operator, operational, operationally, operating

1. A computer can perform mathematical … very quickly. 2. One of the first persons to note that the computer is malfunctioning is the computer …. 3. The job of a computer is to … the various machines in a computer installation. 4. The new machines in the computer installation are not yet …

b) acceptance, accepts, accepted, acceptable, acceptably

1. A computer is a device which … processes and gives out information. 2. The students are still waiting for their … into the Computer Science program. 3. It is … to work without a template (шаблон, лекало) if the flowcharts (блок-схема) are not kept on file.

V. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Constructions as in the models:

Model I. It is known that he will make his report today.

He is known to make his report today.

1. It is believed that the method involved is good. 2. It is expected that they will take part in this research work. 3. It is known that evaporation goes more rapidly at the higher temperature. 4. It was known even in ancient times that water is denser than air.

Model II. It was found that those rays had been deflected.

Those rays were found to have been deflected.

1. It was known that the s