Интонационное оформление предложения

25. Print the number that presents a mistake in marking the stressed words of the following sentence:

Youth (1) has (2) learnt (3) to (4) question (5) the (6) wisdom (7) of (8) its (9) elders (10).

26. Print the number that presents a mistake in marking the stressed words of the following sentence.

My (1) parents (2) shower (3) me (4) with (5) love (6) and (7) attention (8)

26.. The sentence "Are you coming with us?" pronounced like this

_____________________________

______________________________

sounds...

□ hurt

□ reserved

□ interested

□ unsympathetic

27. The sentence "Are you coming with us?" pronounced like this

____________________________

____________________________

sounds... (Choose all possible variants)

□ grumbling

□ hurt

□ unsympathetic

□ interested

28. "Yes" pronounced like this

____________________________

____________________________

sounds...(Choose all possible variants)

□ encouraging further conversation

□ very emphatic

□ extremely pressing

□ reserving judgement

29. Print "T" if you agree with the intonation pattern of the tag, and "F" if

you don't.

I saw you at the station. You were meeting your wife, weren’t you?

She looked so young and happy.

______________________

___________________________

30. Print "T" if you agree with the intonation pattern of the tag, and "F" if

you don't.

A.: I rang you up yesterday. You were meeting your wife, weren't you?

В.: Yes, I was.

__________________________

__________________________

КОНСПЕКТЫ ЛЕКЦИЙ ПО КУРСУ «ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ФОНЕТИКА»

Topic 1: The aim, the tasks of the theoretical course of English phonetics.

Organs of speech: active organs of speech, passive organs of speech

1. Phonetics is concerned with the human noises by which the thought is actualized or given audible shape: the nature of these noises, their combinations, and their functions in relation to the meaning.

Phonetics studies the sound system of the language that is phonemes, word stress, syllabic structure and intonation. It is primarily concerned with expression level. However, phonetics is obliged to take the content level into consideration too. Only meaningful sound sequences are regarded as speech, and the science of phonetics, is concerned only with such sounds produced by a human vocal apparatus as are carriers of organized information of language.

Studying the theory of phonetics students get to know classical phonetic and phonological theories, traditional phonological models and universal phonetic classifications, also they study some material about modern elements of applied phonetics, methods of investigation of perception and reproduction of speech.

The aim of the theoretical course of English phonetics is consistent and detailed study of the peculiarities of English pronunciation in its communicative and territorial variants, consideration of the phonetic structure of the language as a system of various functional units, used in different communicative situations.

The main tasks are the following:

· Description of specific features of phonetic system of the English language in comparison with the Russian language and acquaintance with modern researches in general phonetics, psychology of perception, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, communicative linguistics and functional linguistics;

· Explanation of phonetic interrelation and difference in phonetic basis of the English and Russian languages;

· Detailed study of speech activity from the point of view of pronunciation norm and its variants, discovery of the tends of norms’ development;

2. Human speech is the result of a highly complicated series of events. The formation of the concept takes place at a linguistic level that is in the brain of the speaker; this stage may be called psychological. Thе second stage may be called physiological. The movements of the speech apparatus disturb the air stream thus producing sound waves. Consequently the third stage may be called physical or acoustic. Further, any communication requires a listener, as well as a speaker. Although not a single one of the organs involved in the speech mechanism is used only for speaking, we can, for practical purposes, use the term "organs of speech" in the sense of the organs which are active, directly or indirectly, in the process of speech sound production.

3. All the organs of speech can be divided into two groups:

1) active organs of speech, movable and taking an active part in the sound formation: (a) the vocal cords which produce voice; (b) the tongue which is the most flexible, movable organ; (c) the lips affecting very considerably the shape of the mouth cavity; (d) the soft palate with the uvula, directing the stream of air either to the mouth or to the nasal cavity; (e) the back wall of the pharynx contracted for some sounds; (f) the lower jaw which movement controls the gap between the teeth and also the disposition of the lips; (g) the lungs providing air for sounds;

2) passive organs of speech: (a) the teeth, (b) the teeth ridge, (c) the hard palate and (d) the walls of the resonators.

Topic 2: The phoneme. Phonemic functions. Main trends in phoneme theory.

1. To know how sounds are produced by speech organs is not enough to describe and classify them as language units. When we talk about the sounds of a language, the term "sound" can be interpreted in two rather different ways.

|| Speech units which don’t depend on the phonetic surrounding are phonemes.

Speech units which appear in different phonetic contexts are the allophones.

Allophones are arranged into functionally similar groups, that is, groups of sounds in which the members of each group are not opposed to one another, but are opposable to members of any other group to distinguish meanings in otherwise similar sequences.

The ability of members of one phoneme to exist only in different phonetic positions is called the complimentary distribution. The total set of all allophones of one phoneme constitutes the full distribution. There are 44 phonemes in English.

Kinds and types of allophones:

I. For all native speakers of English a certain allophone exists in his or her speech. It is common for all native speakers. This common allophone is called obligatory. If you destroy the obligatory allophone you will have a strong accent. Among the obligatory allophones we distinguish:

1. The principle (primary) allophone. The principle allophone exists in the position of the least influence of the neighbouring sounds or in isolated position.

2. Combinatorial allophone depends on the neighbouring speech sounds

3. Positional allophones are those which appear as a result of different position in a syllable

II. Non obligatory allophones (variants). We call them free variations. Free variations appear when we meat different shades of one and the same phoneme.

III. Facultative variants appear in one and the same position and in one and the same syllable.

IV. Individual realization of one and the same phoneme. They are not linguistic. We can’t find them for the linguistic analysis.