II.2. Generalization

The device of generalization is opposed to specification, as it consists in replacement of the particular by the general one, the specific notion by the gender one. During translation from English into Ukrainian it is used much rarer, than a specification. It is related to the feature of the English vocabulary.

The words of this language have abstract character more frequently, than the Ukrainian words that belong to the same notion. For example:

II.3. The method of lexical addition.

Both lexical and grammatical transformations quite often require bringing the additional words in. Introduction of additional words is conditioned by the range of reasons, such as by distinctions in the structure of a sentence and by the circumstance that more compressed English sentences require more detailed expression of thought in the Ukrainian language. The absence of the corresponding word or proper lexical and semantic variant of the given word is the reason of introduction of additional words during translation as well. For example:

Additions in the process of translation can be caused by the other reasons too. One of them is the syntactic reorganization of the structure of a sentence during translation, when it is sometimes required to bring these or the other elements in sentence. So, it is sometimes necessary to bring the subject in that is absent if the source language text, during translation into English for the transmission of «the communicative partition of a sentence». For example:

The noun-subject, added in the English sentences, is determined by the factors of wide context. It is possible to evade additions in these cases, but it would demand the use of passive construction in translation, that would make heavier the English text stylistically.

Frequently, the lexical additions are conditioned by the necessity of transmission in the text of translation of the meanings expressed in the original text by the grammatical devices, for example, at the transmission of the English plural forms of nouns that have no this form in Ukrainian. For example:

The special difficulty is presented by the attributive combinations that consist of combinations of «noun + noun», and «adjective + noun» as well. The latter has a terminology character. For example:

The correct choice of the semantic component that is added into Ukrainian translation requires knowledge of extralinguistic factors. Sometimes additions turn out to by conditioned by the stylistic considerations properly. For example: