Complete the following sentences using an appropriate word from the box

homeostasis frontal anterior elements thermal endogenous polysaccharide preimmune rear hypothalamus circulation pyrogens thermoproduction

1 The system of thermoregulation consists of a number of ………..

2 Thermal status information is brought by afferent nerves to the ………..

3 The centre of thermoregulation in the hypothalamus activates various mechanisms of ………. or heat emission.

4 Feed-back control is accomplished through the nervous system and blood ………..

5 Motor centres of the ………. hypothalamus control heat emission.

6 The center located in the ………. hypothalamus controls the level of thermoproduction.

7 Fever develops in response to ………..

8 Fever is characterized by temporal change of the set-point in the system of temperature ………..

9 Fever may be regarded as an element of ………. response.

10 Exogenous pyrogens are bacterial endotoxins, exotoxins, zimozan and other ………. substances.

11 Exogenous pyrogens induce production of IL-1, TNF and IL-6 ………. pyrogens.

12 TNF and IL-6 exert influence upon non-specific central ………. sensors.

13 Prostaglandins diffuse into neurons of preoptic part of the ………. hypothalamus and induce the neurons to generate the “set-point signal”.

7Complete the conversation with the words from the box.

surgical pyrogens prostaglandins underlying vasodilatation set-point thermogenesis arachidonic intact hypothalamus afferent fungi induce circulation heat emission heat breathing

Examiner: Now let’s talk about the relation between thermoregulation and fever. I‘d like you to tell me where the thermoregulation centre is located and what kind of information is brought to it by afferent nerves.

Student: Well,the thermoregulation centre is located in the 1 ………. and thermal status information is brought to it by 2 ………. nerves.

Examiner: And what happens after that?

Student: After that the centre of thermoregulation activates various mechanisms providing either for thermoproduction or 3 ………..

Examiner: Right. And what is feed-back control accomplished through?

Student: It is accomplished through the nervous system and blood 4 ………..

Examiner: What kind of surgical operation makes regulation of the body’s temperature impossible?

Student: It happens in the case of 5 ………. separation of the hypothalamus from the 6 ………. parts of the brain and spinal cord.

Examiner: How do motor centres of the anterior hypothalamus control heat emission to prevent overheating?

Student: They control it through 7 ………., sweating and 8 ………..

Examiner: And what does the center located in the rear hypothalamus control to prevent overcooling?

Student: It controls the level of thermoproduction through activating shivering and non-shivering 9 ………..

Examiner: What causes the development of fever?

Student: Fever developsin response to 10 ………. occurring in the highest homeothermal animals and in man.

Examiner: What kind of temporal change is fever characterized?

Student: It is characterized by the temporal change of the 11………. in the system of temperature homeostasis at a higher level, with mechanisms of thermoregulation remaining 12 ………..

Examiner: By what organisms are exogenous pyrogens produced?

Student: They’re produced by 13 ………..

Examiner: And what production do exogenous pyrogens bring about?

Student: Exogenous pyrogens 14 ………. production of IL-1, TNF and IL-6 endogenous pyrogens.

Examiner: By what are endogenous pyrogens connected with the “set-point signal” generation?

Student: They induce the endotheliocytes of OVLT or Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis to produce metabolites of 15 ………. acid. These metabolites, named 16 ………., diffuse into the neurons of the preoptic part of the frontal hypothalamus and induce the neurons to generate the “set-point signal”.

8Work in pairs. Act out the dialogue from exercise 7 with your partner.