Types of connection

The arrangement of sentence members, the completeness of sentence structure necessarily involve various types of connection used within the sentence or between sentences. Repeated use of conjunctions is called polysyndeton; deliberate omission of them is, correspondingly, named asyndeton. Both polysyndeton and asyndeton, have a strong rhythmic impact. Besides, the function of polysyndeton is to strengthen the idea of equal logical (emotive) importance of connected sentences, while asyndeton, cutting off connecting words, helps to create the effect of terse, energetic, active prose.

These two types of connection are more characteristic of the author's speech. The third type - attachment (gap-sentence, leaning sentence, link) on the contrary,' is mainly to be found in various representations of the voice of the personage - dialogue, reported speech, entrusted narrative. In the attachment the second part of the utterance is separated from the first one by a full stop though their semantic and grammatical ties remain very strong. The second part appears as an afterthought and is often connected with the beginning of the utterance with the help of a conjunction, which brings the latter into the foregrounded opening position. Cf: "It wasn't his fault. It was yours. And mine. I now humbly beg you to give me the money with which to buy meals for you to eat. And hereafter do remember it: the next time I shan't beg. I shall simply starve." (S.L.); "Prison is where she belongs. And my husband agrees one thousand per cent." (T.C.)

Завдання 3. Comment on the length, the structure, the communicative type and punctuation of sentences, indicating connotations created by them:

1. The sick child complained that his mother was going to read to him again from the same book: "What did you bring that book I don't like to be read aloud to out of up for?" (E.)

2. Than Roy no one could show a more genuine cordiality to a fellow novelist. (S.M.)

3. Such being at bottom the fact, I think it is well to leave it at that. (S M.)

4. I like people. Not just empty streets and dead buildings. People. People. (P. A.)

5. "You know so much. Where is she?" "Dead. Or in a crazy house. Or married. I think she's married and quieted down." (T.C.)

6. "Jesus Christ! Look at her face!" Surprise. "Her eyes is closed!" Astonishment. "She likes it!" Amazement.

"Nobody could take my picture doing that!" Moral disgust. "Them goddam white folks!" Fascinated fear. (Wr.)

7. What courage can withstand the ever-enduring and all-besetting terrors of a woman's tongue? (W. I.)

8. And what are wars but politics

Transformed from chronic to acute and bloody? (R. Fr)

9. "Jake, will you get out!" said Magdalen. (I.M.)

10. What is the opposite of faith? Not disbelief. Too final, certain, closed. Itself a kind of belief. Doubt. (S.R.)

Завдання 4. From the following examples yon will get a better idea of the functions of various types of repetition, and also of parallelism and chiasmus:

1. I wake up and I'm alone and I walk round Warley and I'm alone; and I talk with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it's dead, (J.Br.)

2. Babbitt was virtuous. He advocated, though he did not practice, the prohibition of alcohol; he praised, - though he did not obey, the laws against motor-speeding. (S.L.)

3. "To think better of it," returned the gallant Blandois, "would be to slight a lady, to slight a lady would be to be deficient in chivalry towards the sex, and chivalry towards the sex is a part of my character." (D.)

4. I might as well face facts; good-bye "Susan, good-bye a big car, good-bye a: big house, good-bye power, good-bye the silly handsome drearns. (J.Br.)

5. Now he understood. He understood many things. One can be a person first. A man first and then a black man or a white man. (P. A.)

6. When he blinks, a parrot-like look appears, the look of some heavily blinking tropical bird. (A. M.)

14. And everywhere were people. People going into gates and coming out of gates. People staggering and falling. People fighting and cursing. (P. A.)

7. Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor, squalor led, in the final stages, to the smells and stagnation of B. Inn Alley. (D. du M.)

8. Living is the art of loving.

Loving is the art of caring.

Caring is the art of sharing.

Sharing is the art of living. (W.H.D.)

9. I notice that father's is a large hand, but never a heavy one when it touches me, and that father's is a rough voice but never an angry one when it speaks to me. (D.)

10. From the offers of marriage that fell to her Dona Clara, deliberately, chose the one that required her removal to Spain. so to Spain she went. (O.W.)

Завдання 5. Find and analyze cases of detachment, suspense and inversion. Comment on the structure and functions of each:

1. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (S.)

2. He observes it all with a keen quick glance, not unkindly, and full rather of amusement than of censure. (V.W.)

3. She was crazy about you. In the beginning. (R.W.)

4. Of all my old association, of all my old pursuits and hopes, of all the living and the dead world, this one poor soul alone comes natural to me. (D.)

5. Corruption could not spread with so much success, though reduced into a system, and though some ministers, with equal impudence and folly, avowed it by themselves and their advocates, to be the principal expedient by which they governed; if a long and almost unobserved progression of causes and effects did not prepare the conjuncture. (Bol.)

6. On, on he wandered, night and day, beneath the blazing sun, and the cold pale moon; through the dry heat of noon, and the damp cold of night; in the grey light of morn, and the red, glare of eve. (D.)

7. Women are not made for attack. Wait they must. (J. C.)

8. Out came the chase - in went the horses - on sprang the boys -in got the travellers. (D.)

9. Then he said: "You think it's so? She was mixed up in this lousy business?" (J.B.)

10. And she saw that Gopher Prairie was merely an enlargement of all the hamlets which they had been passing. Only to the eyes of a Kennicot was it exceptional. (S.L.)

Завдання 6. Discuss different types of stylistic devices dealing with the completeness of the sentence:

1. In manner, close and dry. In voice, husky and low. In face, watchful behind a blind. (D.)

2. Malay Camp. A row of streets crossing another row of streets. Mostly narrow streets. Mostly dirty streets. Mostly dark streets. (P. A.)

3. His forehead was narrow, his face wide, his head large, and his nose all on one side. (D.)

4. A solemn silence: Mr. Pickwick humorous, the old lady serious, the fat gentleman cautious and Mr. Miller timorous. (D.)

5. He, and the falling light and dying fire, the time-worn room, the solitude, the wasted life, and gloom, were all in fellowship. Ashes, and dust, and ruin! (D.)

6. She merely looked at him weakly. The wonder of him! The beauty of love! Her desire toward him! (Dr.)

7. Ever since he was a young man, the hard life on Earth, the panic of 2130, the starvation, chaos, riot, want. Then bucking through the planets, the womanless, loveless years, the alone years. (R.Br.)

8. H. The waves, how are the waves? C.: The waves? Lead. H.: And the sun? C.: Zero.

H.: But it should be sinking. Look again. C.: Damn the sun. H.: Is it night already then? C: No.

H.: Then what is it? C: Grey! Grey! GREY! H.: Grey! Did I hear you say grey? C.: Light black. From pole to pole. (S. B.)

9. I'm a horse doctor, animal man. Do some farming, too. Near Tulip, Texas. (T.C.)

10. "I'll go, Doll! I'll go!" This from Bead, large eyes larger than usual behind his hornrimmed glasses. (J.)

Завдання 7. Specify stylistic functions of the types of connection given below:

1. "What sort of a place is Dufton exactly?"

"A lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school and a war memorial and a river that runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs. That's really all one can say about it." (J.Br.)

2. By the time he had got all the bottles and dishes and knives and forks and glasses and plates and spoons and things piled up on big trays, he was getting very hot, and red in the face, and annoyed. (A. T.)

3. Bella soaped his face and rubbed his face, and soaped his hands and rubbed his hands, and splashed him, and rinsed him, and towelled him, until he was as red as beetroot. (D.)

4. "Well, guess it's about time to turn in." He yawned, went out to look at the thermometer, slammed the door, patted her head, unbuttoned his waistcoat, yawned, wound the clock, went to look at the furnace, yawned and clumped upstairs to bed, casually scratching his thick woolen undershirt. (S.L.)

5. "Give me an example," I said quietly. "Of something that means something. In your opinion." (T.C.)

6. "I got a small apartment over the place. And, well, sometimes I stay over. In the apartment. Like the last few nights." (D.U.)

7. "He is a very deliberate, careful guy and we trust each other completely. With a few reservations." (D.U.)

Завдання 8. Прокоментуйте роль синтаксичної організації речення (порядку слів) у наступному вірші. Знайдіть інверсію. Визначте її функції. February Ivy Russell Grey is the sky And the wind is chill; Icicles hang From the window-sill.   Gone is the swing From the pear tree bough, Nobody plays In the garden now.   Only the robin, With breast of red, Patiently waits For his crumbs of bread.

Завдання 9. Знайдіть повтори та інші засоби синтаксичного увиразнення. Визначте їх функції. Rainy Days A. Pope Red macs and blue macs Beneath the rainy sky, Green macks and yellow macs Hurry, hurry by, Every button fastened, Belts pulled tight, Faces hidden inside hoods Nearly out of sight.   Busy feet in rubber boots Find the puddles fun, In and out, in and out, They don't miss one. Paddling like little ducks, How the splashes fly! But red macs and blue macs, Green macks and yellow macs, And busy feet in rubber boots All keep dry.

Завдання 10. Знайдіть порушення синтаксичної будови. Яку стилістичну функцію вони виконують? Дайте їм визначення засобу увиразнення.

В цинично-ханжеском столетии

на всем цена и всюду сцена.

Но дом. Но женщина. Но дети.

Но запах сохнущего сена.

(с) И.Губерман

ІІІ Рекомендована література:

1. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современного английского языка: (Стилистика декодирования): учеб. пособ. [для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. “Иностр. яз.”] / Ирина Владимировна Арнольд. – 3-е изд. – М.: Просвещение, 1990. – C 160 –208.

2. Єфімов Л. П. Стилістика англійської мови і дискурсивний аналіз [Уч.-метод. посібн.] / Л. П. Єфімов. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2004. – C. 73–85; 132–143. – (англ. мовою).

3. Капелюшний А. О. Практична стилістика української мови / А. О. Капелюшний. – Вид. 2, переробл. – Львів: ПАІС, 2007. – С. 264–374.

4. Кухаренко В. А. Интерпретация текста: учеб. [для студ. филолог. специальн.] / Валерия Андреевна Кухаренко. – 3-е изд., испр. – Одесса: Латстар, 2002. – 292 с. – Бибилогр.: С. 286. – (Першотвір).

5. Лінгвістичний аналіз: Практикум [навч. посібн.] / За ред. Г. Р. Передрій. – К.: Академія, 2005. – 256 с. – (Серія "Альма матер").

6. Літературознавчий словник-довідник / За ред. К. Р. Громяка. – К.: Академія, 1997. – 750 с.

7. Kukharenko V. A. A Book of Practice in Stylistics / В. А. Кухаренко. – 3-є вид., стереотип. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2003. – С. 72–108.