Monetary

– means relating to money, especially the total amount of money in a country.

Monetarism

– is the control of country’s economy by regulating the total amount of money that is available and in use at any one time.

Monetarist

– means relating to monetarism.

Texts for reading:

TEXT 1

MONEY

Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value and for storing wealth. Almost every society now has a money economy based on coins and paper notes of one kind or another. However, this has not always been true. In primitive societies a system of barter was used. Barter was a system of direct exchange of goods. Somebody could exchange a sheep, for example, for anything in the market place that they considered to be of equal value. Barter, however, was a very unsatisfactory system because people’s precise needs seldom coincided. People needed a more practical system of exchange, and various money systems developed based on goods which the members of a society recognized as having value. Cattle, grain, teeth, shells, feather, salt, tobacco have been used. Precious metals gradually took over because, when made into coins, they were portable, durable, recognizable and divisible into larger and smaller units of value.

A coin is a piece of metal, usually disc-shaped, which bears lettering, designs or numbers showing its value. Until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries coins were given monetary worth based on the exact amount of metal contained in them, but most modern coins are based on face value, the value that governments choose to give them, irrespective of the actual metal content. Coins have been made of gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), plastic and in China even from pressed leaves. Gold proves to be the most popular. Since civilization began gold has been regarded as a symbol of power and wealth. In many societies gold was seen as a magic substance which could protect people against illness or evil spirits. Mankind never seems to have enough gold and the search for it has driven men mad. The need to search for gold has been compared to a disease, and is called ‘ gold fever’.

An incredible variety of items have served as money at various times and places, but all can be classified as either commodity money or fiat money. Commodity money is valuable apart from what it will buy. Gold, for example, is useful in jewelry or dentistry, even when it is not used for money. But some money is useless except when treated as money. Certain pieces of paper of which you would probably like (e.g. 100 dollar bills) are example of fiat money. Use of fiat money is ultimately based on faith – faith in its purchasing power, in its general acceptability, and in the stability of the government that issues it.

Most governments now issue paper money in the form of notes, which are really ‘promises to pay’. Paper money is obviously easier to handle and much more convenient in the modern world. Cheques, bankers’ cards, and credit cards are being used increasingly and it is possible to imagine a world where ‘money’ in the form of coins and paper currency will no longer be used.

Questions:

1. Explain the meanings of the words and phrases which have been highlighted.

TEXT 2