Domestication of animals

Agriculture and animal raising required the domestication of both animals and plants, raising of species useful for human beeings, and taking care of the factors that kept them alive and productive.

Domestication made the species dependent on humans. Economic necessity is probably the main factor leading to the birth of agriculture.

Domestication of animals is more than taming. Their habitat is restricted, protection assured, food supply maintained, and most important, breeding farm animals is done under human management and control. Animals were domesticated for the following purposes: as a source of food, clothing, etc; as assistants used in various human activities; as pets.

Cattle are the most important of the animals domesticated by man and, next to the dog, the most ancient. Domesticated cattle belong to the family Bovidae, which also includes the buffalo, the bison, yak, zebu and some others.

The dog is likely to be most widely distributed and variably used domesticated animal. It assists hunting, draws sledges in northern regions, a hairless type is bred for producing food in Mexico, helps the police, watches man`s dwelling etc. Besides, a dog is really our best friend, which trusts you and is always happy to see you.

Pigs were domesticated in China around 4900 B.C., about 7.000 years ago. They have been domesticated in Thailand as early as 10.000 B.C. Pigs are good to eat and prolific. So it`s no wonder pigs have become among the most popular of domestic animals. They have been introduced to all continents but Antarctica. Most modern pig breeds were developed in Europe, from where they were first introduced into the New World. Spanish explorers brought the first pigs to the Southeast in the early 16^th century, not long after Columbus had discovered America.

The horse was perhaps domesticated in Central Asia, where Przhevalsky horse is still found wild today.

In addition to the animals mentioned above there are some other animals that have been successfully domesticated by man. They are fowls, camels, goats, sheep, bees and others.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What required the domestication of both animals and plants?

2. What was the main factor leading to the birth of agriculture?

3. Why are domestic animals important to man?

4. What kind of food products do domestic animals furnish us with?

5. What were animals domesticated for?

6. Which domesticated animals are the most important for man?

7. How are dogs used by man?

8. What can you say about domestication of pigs?

9. Where was the horse domesticated?

10. What other animals have been successfully domesticated by man?

Вправи

I.Згрупуйте подані нижче слова за частинами мови.

Іменник

Прикметник

Дієслово

Animal, agriculture, domestication, species, productive, necessity, main, economic, have become, is restricted, food, ancient, help, prolific, fowls, camel, depend on, is done, hairless, assist, various, include, important, human.

II. Знайдіть зайве слово.

a) pig, horse, yak, fowl, zebu, goat;

b) hunting, animal raising, domestication, taming, breeding;

c) pork, beef, lard, milk, eggs, clothing, mutton.

III. Підберіть антоніми до таких слів та словосполучень:

spend, harmful, modern, independent, wild animals, to restrict, unsuccessfully, unpopular.

IV. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях, використовуючи слова в дужках.

1. The …of animals is associated with the birth of agriculture.

2. Man …animals useful for him.

3. … animals helped ancient human beings to survive.

4. Pigs …in China about 7000 years ago.

(were domesticated, domestication, domestic, domesticated).

V. Cкладіть речення з дієсловами:

to depend on, to take care of, to belong to, to maintain, to require.

VI. За допомогою таблиці визначте граматичні форми присудків. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

Група часів Perfect Passive

Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
Have(has) been done	Had been done	Will(shall) have been done

1. For ages animals have been used by man for the following purposes: as a source of food, clothing, etc; as assistants used in various human activities.

2. Pigs have been domesticated to all countries but Antarctica.

3. They have been domesticated in Thailand.

4. Camels have been used by man in desert regions of Asia and Africa for carrying and riding.

5. A new supermarket has been built near our University recently.

6. By the end of December all the exams had been passed.

7. The students had been invited to the conference hall by the time the Dean came.

8. All the products had been thoroughly examined before they were shipped.

9. Our group had already been tested in English last week.

10. He was offered this job after he had lost his hopes.

11. Your examinations results will have been sent to your address by the end of the month.

12. I’m sure this work won’t have been done before I return.

13. You will have been informed before the medicines will be sent.

14. I hope that medicine for cancer will have been found by the end of the 2050’s.

15. By the beginning of July all my exams will have been passed.

VII. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою, використовуючи Perfect Passive.

1. Існує багато видів тварин, які були успішно одомашнені людиною.

2. Свині, кози та інші тварини були одомашнені до початку нашої ери.

3. У Таїланді свині були одомашнені раніше ніж у Китаї.

4. Я впевнений, що ця проблема буде вирішена до кінця року.

5. Цього року на нашій вулиці був побудований новий супермаркет.

6. Ви отримаєте книги у бібліотеці до кінці наступного тижня.

7. Сьогодні нам розповіли про зоонозні хвороби.

8. Цього тижня нам показали анатомічний музей.

9. Наш гуртожиток буде відремонтований до кінця літа.

10. Нові підручники щойно отримані у бібліотеці.

VIII. Підберіть слова до їх визначень.

1. domesticated animal kept for pleasure rather than utility

2. mammals used in desert regions for carrying and riding

3. a flesh-eating domestic mammal related to the wolves

4.chewing mammals related to the goats and lack a beard in the male.

(sheep, pet, camel, dog).

IX. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1. Сільське господарство вимагало приручення тварин.

2. Дикі тварини були приручені людиною для того, щоб вони забезпечували їжу, одяг та допомагали людині у господарстві.

3. Собака найкращий друг людини.

4. Собаки допомагають людям полювати, доглядати житло, їх використовують у поліції та ін.

5. У деяких країнах світу собак розводять для їжі.

6. Свині були приручені дуже давно в Таїланді. Вони були завезені на всі континенти.

X. Перекажіть текст “Domestication of Animals” англійською мовою.