Tissues

Tissue (in physiology) is a level of organization in multicellular organism. It consists of a group of structurally and functionally similar cells and their intercellular material.

Scientists divide animal tissues into four classes based on the functions they perform.

The first class includes all those tissues that serve an animal’s needs for growth, repair and energy.

The tissues of the second class fall into two groups: physical (nervous and sensory tissues), which operate via electrical impulses along nerve fibers; and the chemical (endocrine tissues), which release hormones into the bloodstream. In vertebrates the same tissues perform both physical and chemical coordination because the nervous tissues also serve as hormone sources. In vertebrates most endocrine functions are isolated in specialized glands, several of which are derived from nervous tissue. The basic unit of all nervous tissues is the neuron. The bundles of axons along which neurons transmit and receive impulses are called nerves.

The third class of tissues serves to bind the other tissues and organs together and to support the body. Muscle tissue is primarily responsible for movement.

The fourth class of tissues includes reproductive tissues, hemopoietic tissues, and tissues fluids. Among the important tissues fluids are lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and milk (in mammals).

UNIT 8

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Повторіть за диктором слова:

1. adrenal a	[qd'rJnql]	наднирковий
2. asexual a	[x'seksjuql]	безстатевий
3. carbon dioxide	['kRbqn'daIqksaId]	вуглекислий газ
4. digestive system	[dI'GestIv]	система травлення
5. ductless glands	['dAktlIs]	залози внутрішньої секреції
6. enzyme n	[In'zaIm]	фермент
7. esophagus n	[I'sOfqgqs]	стравохід
8. excretory a	[eks'krJtqrI]	екскреторний
9. integument n	[In'tegjumqnt]	зовнішня оболонка
10. integumentary a	[In"tqgju'mqntqrI]	покривний
11. involuntary a	[In'vOlqntqrI]	мимовільний
12. large intestine n	[In'testIn]	товста кишка
13. lungs n	[lANgz]	легені
14. lymphatic a,n	[lIm'fxtIk]	лімфатичний; лімфатична судина
15. nasal cavity	['neIzql'kxvItI]	носова порожнина
16. рancreas n	['pxNkrIqs]	підшлункова залоза
17. рarticle n	['pRtIkl]	частинка
18. passage n	['pxsIG]	проходження, прохід
19. perpetuation n	[pq"petju'eISn]	увіковічення, збереження назавжди
20. pituitary a, n	[pI'tjHItqrI]	слизовий; гіпофіз
21. reproduce v	["rIprq'GHs]	відтворюватись
22. respiratory a	[rIs'paIqrqtqrI]ї	респіраторний
23. respiratory system		система дихання, респіраторна система
24. response v	[rIs'pLns]	відповідь
25. small intestine	[In'testIn]	тонка кишка
26. spinal a	['spaInl]	спинний
27. spinal cord	[kLd]	спинний мозок
28. stem n	[stem]	стебло, стовбур
29. sсales n	[skeIlz]	луска
30. testes n	[tests]	яєчки
31. thyroid n	['TaIrLId]	щитовидна залоза
32. trachea n	[trq'kIq]	трахея
33. twofold a	['tHfquld]	подвійний, подвоєний
34. vessels n (pl.)	[vesqlz]	судини

Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

ORGAN SYSTEMS

As the various tissues in the plant and animal body differentiate, they become associated with each other to form organs that carry out particular functions. Organs, which are related by function, are grouped into organ systems. The coordinated functioning of all organ systems enables an individual organism to live in its environment and to reproduce.

Ten such systems are commonly recognized in animals.

The digestive system is composed of such organs as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and liver. All these organs function together to break down food particles into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream.

The circulatory system is composed of the heart, the blood vessels, blood, the lymphatic vessels, and lymph. This system transports materials from one part of the body to another. The circulatory system also transports hormones and has a role in the regulation of body temperature and in protecting the body against disease.

The respiratory system is composed of the lungs and the related air passages (the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tubes). The function of this system is twofold: to supply all the cells within the body with the oxygen they need to carry on respiration; to remove the carbon dioxide and some of the water that is a waste product of respiration. In some animals, other organs of respiration have evolved. For example, fish possess gills, insects have a series of tubules through which air flows, and a number of organisms, particularly the more primitive ones, carry on an oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange through the body surface.

The excretory system provides the body with a means of ridding itself of metabolic waste materials. The primary excretory organs are the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.

The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of bone and cartilage, depending upon the group of animals. The skeletal system provides a supporting framework for the body, a system of joints, and places of attachment for skeletal muscles. In vertebrates, this system also serves to protect other parts of the body, such as the brain and the spinal cord.

The muscular system involves all of the muscle tissues within the body. The contraction of these tissues, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a response to a nerve impulse.

The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord, all the peripheral nerves, and the sensory parts of those organs concerned with receiving stimuli from the external or internal environment. The nervous system receives the stimuli and conducts the nerve impulses that cause an organism to respond. It also integrates and coordinates the various body parts in accordance with the information received in the form of stimuli. In higher animals this system permits the processes, which we term intelligence, i.e., thought, reasoning, and memory.

The reproductive system has as its sole function the perpetuation of the species through the production of new organisms. The organs involved include the gonads (the testes and ovaries) with their various associated ducts and glands. The asexual methods of reproduction characteristic of primitive forms do not involve reproductive organs.

The endocrine system consists of the ductless glands, the glands that produce chemical regulators called hormones. Hormones are highly specific in their effects. The thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands are examples of organs, which compose this system.

The integumentary system is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, sсales, feathers, and nails, which develop from it. The primary purpose of this system is protection.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What are organs system

2. Where do organs and organ systems exist?

3. How many systems are commonly recognized in animals?

4. What organs is the digestive system composed of?

5. What does the circulatory system consist of?

6. How does this system transport materials?

7. What organs is the respiratory system composed of?

8. What is the function of this system?

9. What does the excretory system provide the body with?

10. What are the primary excretory organs?

11. What does the skeleton system provide?

12. What does the muscular system involve?

13. What do you know about the composition of the nervous system?

14. Does this system permit the process of intelligence?

15. What is the sole function of the reproductive system?

16. What does the endocrine system consist of?

17. What is the primary purpose of the integumentary system?

Вправи

I.Підберіть до англійських слів їх українські еквіваленти.

1. esophagus	a) зовнішня оболонка, оболонка
2. particle	b) луска
3. passage	c) функція
4. waste	d) стравохід
5. function	e) частинка
6. specific	f) скорочення
7. include	g) включати
8. contraction	h) специфічний
9. sсales	i) зайвий, непотрібний
10. integument	j) проходження, прохід

II. Підберіть до українських слів їх англійські еквіваленти.

1.тіло	a)grouped
2.повітря	b)related
3.мозок	c)primary
4.згруповані	d)body
5.споріднені	e)brain
6.підтримувати	f)intelligence
7.забезпечувати	g)support
8.інтелект	h)receive
9.отримувати	i)provide
10.первинний	j)air

III.Підберіть до англійських словосполучень їх українські еквіваленти.

1.various tissues	a)м’язова система
2.particular functions	b)репродуктивна система
3.coordinated functions	c)нервовий імпульс
4.digestive system	d)різні тканини
5.respiratory system	e)система виділення
6.carbon dioxide	f)система дихання
7.excretory system	g)система травлення
8.muscular system	h)скоординовані функції
9.nerve impulse	i)певні функції
10.reproductive system	j)вуглекислий газ

IV.Підберіть до українських словосполучень їх англійські еквіваленти.

1.тонка кишка	a)blood vessels
2.товста кишка	b)lymphatic vessels
3.кров’яні судини	c)ductless glands
4.лімфатичні судини	d)adrenal glands
5.покривна система	e)nasal cavity
6.органи відтворення	f)large intestine
7.бронхіальні трубки	g)integumentary system
8.носова порожнина	h)reproductive organs
9.надниркові залози	i)small intestine
10.залози внутрішньої секреції	j)bronchial tubes

V.Згрупуйте подані нижче слова за частинами мови.

Іменник	Дієслово	Прикметник
body	describe	primary

various, tissue, animal, become, associate, particular, function, exist, level, carry, large, intestine, liver, function action, break, absorb, compose, blood, lymph, lymphatic, transport, disease, twofold, carry, remove, waste, respiration, evolve, posses, flow, exchange, surface, multicellular, contraction, sensory, concern, receive.

VI. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях, використовуючи слова у дужках.

1. Organs, which are related by function, are ___________ into organ systems.

2. Organs and organ systems exist in all ___________ forms.

3. Ten systems are commonly ____________ in animals.

4. The respiratory system is composed of the _____________.

5. In some ___________ other organs of respiration have evolved.

6. The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of ___________.

7. The primary ____________ organs are the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.

8. The endocrine system ___________ the ductless glands, the glands that produce chemical regulators called hormones.

9. The asexual methods of reproduction characteristic of __________ do not involve reproductive organs.

10.The __________ is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, sсales, feathers, and nails, which develop from it.

1)bones and cartilage, 2)animals, 3)recognized, 4)grouped, 5)integumentary system, 6)lungs, 7)excretory, 8)primitive forms, 9)consists of, 10)multicellular.

VII. Складіть речення.

1. The digestive system	1. is composed of the heart, the blood vessels, blood, the lymphatic vessels and lymph.
2. The circulatory system	2. is composed of the lungs and the related air passages (the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tube)
3. Organ systems	3. is the system that provides the body with a means of ridding itself of metabolic waste materials.
4. The respiratory system	4. involves all of the muscle tissues within the body.
5. The excretory system	5. are organs which are related by function.
6. The muscular system	6. is a system that consists of the ductless glands, the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands.
7. The endocrine system	7. is composed of such organs as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and liver.