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Personnel, personal, personalty, personality, n
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Personnel is ‘a body of people employed somewhere’. · The new minister is likely to make major changes in personnel.
Personal means ‘relating or belonging to a single person rather than to a group or an organization’. · He was dismissed from his job for abusing his power for personal gain.
Personalty is a legal term meaning 'personal property, i.e. moveable or temporary possessions (goods or money) as distinguished from realty ’. · Most lawyers maintain that personalty is all property that does not comprise land, others argue that it is used particularly in regard to the estate of the deceased.
Personality is ‘the type of person one is, which is shown by the way he behaves, feels and thinks’. · She had to resign from the Cabinet because of a personality cult with the other people in it.
UNIT ELEVEN. CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
Activity 1. Skim through the text in the Convention to get an overview of its substantive Articles.
| ... Article 1 — Obligation to respect human rights The High Contracting Parties shall secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in Section I of this Convention. Section I — Rights and freedoms Article 2 — Right to life 1. Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a courtfollowing his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary: a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence; b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection. Article 3 — Prohibition of torture No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 4 — Prohibition of slavery and forced labour 1. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. 2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour. 3. For the purpose of this article the term "forced or compulsory labour" shall not include: a) any work required to be done in the ordinary course of detention imposed according to the provisions of Article 5 of this Convention or during conditional release from such detention; b) any service of a military character or, in case of conscientious objectors in countries where they are recognised, service exacted instead of compulsory military service; c) any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community; d) any work or service which forms part of normal civic obligations. Article 5 — Right to liberty and security 1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: a) the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent court; b) the lawful arrest or detention of a person for non-compliance with the lawful order of a court or in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law; c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so; d) the detention of a minor by lawful order for the purpose of educational supervision or his lawful detention for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority; e) the lawful detention of persons for the prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases, of persons of unsound mind, alcoholics or drug addicts or vagrants; f) the lawful arrest or detention of a person to prevent his effecting an unauthorised entry into the country or of a person against whom action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition. 2. Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him. 3. Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1.c of this article shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial. 4. Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful. 5. Everyone who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this article shall have an enforceable right to compensation. Article 6 — Right to a fair trial 1. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunalestablished by law. Judgment shall be pronouncedpublicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice. 2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. 3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him; b) to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence; c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require; d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him; e) to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court. Article 7 — No punishment without law 1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed. 2. This article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations. Article 8 — Right to respect for private and family life 1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interferenceby a public authoritywith the exercise of this rightexcept such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Article 9 — Freedom of thought, conscience and religion 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. 2. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Article 10 — Freedom of expression 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authorityand regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. Article 11 — Freedom of assembly and association 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. 2. No restrictions shall be placed on the exercise of these rights other than such as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces, of the police or of the administration of the State. Article 12 — Right to marry Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family, according to the national laws governing the exercise of this right. Article 13 — Right to an effective remedy Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in this Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity. Article 14 — Prohibition of discrimination The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Conventionshall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status. Article 15 — Derogation in time of emergency 1. In time of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation any High Contracting Party may take measures derogating from its obligations under this Convention to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations under international law. 2. No derogation from Article 2, except in respect of deaths resulting from lawful acts of war, or from Articles 3, 4 (paragraph 1) and 7 shall be made under this provision. 3. Any High Contracting Party availing itself of this right of derogationshall keep the Secretary General of the Council of Europe fully informed of the measures which it has taken and the reasons therefor. It shall also inform the Secretary General of the Council of Europe when such measures have ceased to operate and the provisions of the Convention are again being fully executed. Article 16 — Restrictions on political activity of aliens Nothing in Articles 10, 11 and 14 shall be regarded as preventing the High Contracting Parties from imposing restrictions on the political activity of aliens. Article 17 — Prohibition of abuse of rights Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the Convention. Article 18 — Limitation on use of restrictions on rights The restrictions permitted under this Convention to the said rights and freedoms shall not be applied for any purpose other than those for which they have been prescribed. | оbligation to respect human rights зобов’язання поважати права людини secure to everyone within their jurisdiction — гарантувати кожному, хто перебуває під їхньою юрисдиціїю deprive of one's life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court — умисно позбавляти життя інакше ніж на виконання вироку суду in contravention of this article — на порушення цієї статті unlawful violence — незаконне насильство prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained — запобігати втечі особи, яка законно тримається під вартою рrohibition of torture — заборона катування subject to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — піддавати катуванню або нелюдському чи такомі, що принижує гідність, поводженню або покаранню рrohibition of slavery and forced labour — заборона рабства та примусової праці conditional release from detention — умовне звільнення з-під варти instead of compulsory military service —замість обов’язкової військової служби in case of an emergency or calamity — у випадку надзвичайної ситуації або стихійного лиха normal civic obligations — звичайні громадянські обов’язки right to liberty and security — право на свободу та особисту недоторканність secure the fulfilment of any obligation — забезпечувати виконання будь-якого обов’язку suspicion of having committed an offence — підозра у вчиненні правопорушення the detention of a minor — затримання неповнолітнього prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases — запобігання поширенню інфекційних захворювань drug addict — наркоман inform of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him — поінформувати про підстави його арешту і про будь-яке обвинувачення проти нього trial within a reasonable time — судовий розгляд упродовж розумного строку release pending trial —звільнення до початку судового розгляду victim of arrest or detention — потерпілий від арешту або затримання an enforceable right to compensation — захищене позовом право на відшкодування everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing — кожен має право на справедливий і відкритий судовий розгляд an independent and impartial tribunal — незалежний і безсторонній суд pronounce judgment — проголошувати судове рішення public order — громадський порядок prejudice the interests of justice — зашкоджувати інтересам правосуддя sufficient means to pay for legal assistance — достатні кошти для оплати правової допомоги when the interests of justice so require — коли цього вимагають інтереси правосуддя no punishment without law — ніякого покарання без закону hоld guilty (of) — визнавати винним on account of any act or omission — на підставі будь-якої дії або бездіяльності constitute a criminal offence — становити кримінальне правопорушення impose а penalty — призначати покарання the right to respect for private and family life — право на повагу до приватного і сімейного життя interference with the exercise of this right — втручання у здійснення цього права freedom of thought, conscience and religion — свобода думки, совісті і віросповідання freedom to change his religion or belief — свобода змінювати свою релігію або свої переконання manifest one's religion or beliefs — сповідувати релігію або переконання freedom of expression — cвобода вираження поглядів to receive and impart information — одержувати і передавати інформацію without interference by public authority — без втручання держави regardless of frontiers — незалежно від кордонів territorial integrity — територіальна цілісність freedom of assembly and association — свобода зібрань та об’єднання right to marry — право на шлюб men and women of marriageable age — чоловіки та жінки, які досягли шлюбного віку to found a family — засновувати сім’ю right to an effective remedy — право на ефективний засіб захисту prohibition of discrimination — заборона дискримінації rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention — права і свободи, викладені у цій Конвенції secure without discrimination — забезпечувати без дискримінації association with a national minority — належність до національної меншини derogation in time of emergency — відступ від зобов’язань під час надзвичайної ситуації avail oneself of the right of derogation — скористатися правом відступу від своїх зобов’язань keep the Secretary General of the Council of Europe fully informed of the measures which it has taken — повною мірою інформувати Генерально секретаря Ради Європи про вжиті нею заходи restrictions on political activity of aliens — обмеження на політичну діяльність іноземців рrohibition of abuse of rights — заборона зловживання правами interpret — тлумачити engage in any activity — займатися будь-якою діяльністю perform any act — вчиняти будь-яку дію limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the Convention — обмеження в більшому обсязі, ніж передбачено в Конвенції limitation on use of restrictions on rights — обмеження у застосуванні обмежень на права |
Activity 2. Read the text of the Convention carefully, paying attention to the words and phrases in bold. Check your knowledge of the basic vocabulary looking at their Ukrainian equivalents in the margin.
Дата публикования: 2015-02-18; Прочитано: 478 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!
