Unit 10. Cognition and language. . 117

COGNITION AND LANGUAGE…………………………………………..117

UNIT 11

EMOTIONS AND STRESS…………………………………………………129

UNIT 12

BEHAVIOUR AND MOTIVES…………………………………………….143

UNIT 13

PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT………………………154

UNIT 14

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS…………………………………………167

TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING……………………………179

UNIT 1

ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE

Text 1

Today, when English is one of the major languages in the world, it requires an effort of the imagination to realize that this is a relatively recent thing - that in Shakespeare's time, for example, only a few million people spoke English, and the language was not thought to be very important by the other nations of Europe, and was unknown to the rest of the world.

English has becomea world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This exporting of English beganin the seventeenth century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, it is the great growth of population in the United States, assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, that has given the English language its present standing in the world.

People who speakEnglish fall into one of three groups: those who have learned it as their native language; those who have learned it as a second language in a society that is mainly bilingual; and those who are forcedto use it for a practical purpose - administrative, professional or educational. One person in seven of the world's entire population belongs to one of these three groups. Incredibly enough, 75% of the world's mail and 60% of the world's telephone calls are in English.