Use of the essential vocabulary. Task 2. Memorise the essential vocabulary to text 1 and translate the sentences containing it: (1) to affect (впливати

Task 2. Memorise the essential vocabulary to Text 1 and translate the sentences containing it:

(1) to affect (впливати, діяти на) – to do smth. that produces an effect or change in smb. or smth. Communication between people of different cultures is affected by two major kinds of differences.

(2) arrogant (зарозумілий, самовпевнений) – so proud of your own abilities or qualities that you behave as if you are much more important than anyone else. I find him arrogant and overbearing.

(3) to assume (набувати, приймати) – to think that smth. is true, although you have no proof of it. Culture is often improperly assumed to be the cause of miscommunication.

(4) attitude (відношення, ставлення) – the opinion or feelings that you usually have about smth. Communication between people of different cultures is affected by differences in attitudes towards various factors of human relationships.

(5) belligerent (войовничий, агресивний) – very unfriendly and unpleasant. A belligerent attitude towards black people is called racism.

(6) biased (упереджений, тенденційний) – unfairly influenced in favour of or against one particular person or opinion. I admit I’m biased, but I think my son’s performance was brilliant.

(7) to break down (ламати, руйнувати) – to destroy. With cultural barriers broken down, you will be able to hire good people despite their differences..

(8) to confuse (переплутувати, бентежити) – to think wrongly that one person, thing or idea is smb. or smth. else. Culture is often confused with the other human elements involved.

(9) to derive from (походити) – to develop or come from smth. else. The classic definition of culture is derived from anthropology.

(10) despite (незважаючи на) – in spite of smth. Despite all our efforts to save the school, the County decided to close it.

(11) dweller (житель, мешканець) – a person who lives in a particular place. Within a culture, townspeople differ from country dwellers.

(12) edict (едикт, указ) – an official public order made by smb. in a position of power. The emperor issued an edict forbidding anyone to leave the city.

(13) to enrich (збагачувати, поліпшувати) – to improve the quality of smth.; to make smb. richer. Education can enrich your life.

(14) habit (звичка, властивість) – smth. that you do regularly, often without thinking about it, because you have done it so many times before. People living in different geographic areas have developed different habits.

(15) to hand down (передавати нащадкам) – to give or to leave smth. to people who are younger than you or live after you. The stereotyped patterns of learning behaviour are handed down from one generation to the next.

(16) inconsequential (непослідовний, недоречний) – not important. He made a few inconsequential remarks before moving on to the next guests.

(17) to misinterpret (неправильно тлумачити (розуміти) – not to understand the correct meaning of smth. that smb. says or does or to explain smth. wrongly to other people. He misinterpreted her friendly offer of a lift home. misinterpretation – неправильне розуміння

(18) peculiar (особливий, специфічний) – strange, unfamiliar and a little surprising especially in a way that is unpleasant or worrying. People tend to view the ways of their culture as normal and ways of other cultures as bad, wrong, peculiar or such. peculiarity – особливість, властивість

(19) prejudiced (упереджений, забобонний) – having an unreaso­nable dislike of a particular group of people who are different in some way, because they belong to a different race, sex, religion. He denied being prejudiced against black people.

(20) to range from … to (коливатися в межах) – if prices, levels, temperatures etc. range from one amount to another, they include both those amounts and anything in between. Their reaction ranged from anger to humiliation.

(21) seemingly (на вигляд, мабуть, очевидно) – appearing to be smth. when this is not actually true. There is seemingly nothing we can do to stop the plans going ahead.

(22) segment (частина, відрізок, шматок) – a part of smth. that is in some way different from the whole. What may be the practice in one segment of a culture may be unheard of by other segments.

(23) source (джерело, першопричина) – a thing, place, person or document that supplies you with information. I’ve heard from reliable sources that the company is in trouble.

(24) to stem from smth. (походити, виникати) – to develop as a result of smth. else. Being able to communicate with other cultures, you will avoid problems stemming solely from misinterpretation.

(25) to tend (прагнути, мати тенденцію, нахил) – to often do the particular thing and to be likely to do it again. Sally tends to interfere in other people’s business.

(26) value (цінність, важливість) – the importance and usefulness of smth. His research has been of little practical value.

Task 3. Match each word in section A with its translation in section B:

A. To reduce; efficient; to hand down; to assume; attitude; peculiar; to relate to; habit; despite; edict; to emphasise; to stem; prejudiced; cause; to enrich; segment; to derive; value; existence; inconsequential; belligerent; source; to hire; to affect; communication; global; comfortable; culture; workplace; barriers.

B. Наголошувати; частина; упереджений; глобальний; наймати; існування; непослідовний; ставлення; припускати; ефективний; незважаючи на; зменшувати; передавати; причина; указ; збагачувати; впливати; джерело; особливий; звичка; стосуватись; цінність; походити; агресивний; зручний; місце праці; бар’єри; культура; виникати; спілкування.

Task 4. Match each word in section A with the one of the similar meaning in section B:

A. To create; to hire; to assume; to break down; habit; to confuse; peculiar; efficient; belligerent; segment; prejudiced; to affect.

B. Proficient; to puzzle; to influence; component; extraordinary; biased; to employ; to suppose; to design; custom; aggressive; to destroy.

Task 5. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in section B:

A. Inconsequential; to exist; to create; belligerent; arrogant; to reduce; peculiar.

B. Modest; to destroy; important; to increase; ordinary; peaceful; to die.

Task 6. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. Attitude; to stem; to reduce; despite; to confuse; to misinterpret; to hire; to emphasise; to create; to hand down; to assume; domestic;

B. To give special importance to smth.; to think, to suppose, to guess, to believe; to employ smb.; to make, design smth.; to make smth. smaller; opinions or feelings; not to understand the correct meaning; happening within a country; to develop as a result of smth.; to think wrongly; to give smth. from generation to generation; in spite of;

Task 7. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1. Technological advances in communication, have made busi­ness, travel, and transportation, increasingly global. 2. Large and small businesses want, with those from other cultures, to communicate clearly, you to be able, for several reasons. 3. Many businesses, both domestically and internationally, sell their products and services. 4. You will be able to work harmoniously, creating a comfortable workplace, with people from other cultures. 5. With cultural barriers broken down, to hire good people, you will be able, despite their differences. 6. Your attention to communicating clearly, will enrich, with people from other cultures, both your business and your personal lives. 7. A study of the role, begins with, of culture in international communication properly, two qualifying statements. 8. Culture, to be the cause, is often improperly assumed, of miscommunication. 9. We must remember, of different cultures, that communication between people, that are involved, involves the same problems of human behaviour, when people of the same culture communicate. 10. But the truth of the matter is, subcultures are present, that in all cultures.

Task 8. Memorise the essential vocabulary to Text 2 and translate the sentences containing it:

(1) access(доступ, вибірка інформації) – finding the information source. The public don’t have access to the site.

(2) to adopt (приймати, вибирати) – to formally approve the pro­posal. Papers like this tend to adopt a very simple writing style.

(3) advanced (прогресивний, передовий) – using the most modern ideas, equipment and methods. Who is to say that sitting is more advanced or better than hunkering?.

(4) to arch (вигинати дугою) – to form or to make smth. form a curved shape. Two rows of trees arched over the driveway.

(5) breach (порушення, прогалина) – an action that breaks a law, rule or agreement between people, groups or countries. He shook her hand in a deliberate breach of etiquette.

(6) bribe (хабар) – the amount of money or smth. valuable that you give smb. to persuade smb. to help you or to do smth. dishonest. A New York judge was charged with accepting bribes.

(7) to conform (узгоджувати, пристосовувати) – to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave. You must conform to the rules or leave the school.

(8) conversation (розмова, бесіда) – an informal talk in which people exchange news, feelings and thoughts. I had a long conversation with my brother on his birthday.

(9) to convey (повідомляти, виражати) – to express what you are thinking or feeling without stating it directly. His tone conveyed an unmistakable warning.

(10) definite (визначений, певний) – clearly known, seen or stated. Movements of certain body parts have no definite meaning even within a culture.

(11) to differ (відрізнятись) – to be different from smth. in quality, features. Opinions on the subject differ widely.

(12) diverse (різний, відмінний) – very different from each other. These subjects are diverse as pop music and archaeology.

(13) embraces (обійми) – clasping or folding in the arms, a hug. In some cultures people will give you greetings ranging from full embraces and kisses to nose rubbing.

(14) to fold (згортати, згинати, обіймати) – to bend your arms or legs, especially so that they are resting against your body. George stood silently with his arms folded.

(15) gesture (жест, рух тіла) – a movement of part of your body especially with your hands or head, to show what you mean or how you feel. This form of sign language is rich in gestures.

(16) handshaking (рукостискання) – the act of taking of smb.’s right hand and shake it, when people meet or leave each other. There are different types of handshaking.

(17) to hunker (сидіти навпочіпки) – to sit on your heels with your knees bent up in front of you. Because Americans do not hunker they tend to view hunkering as primitive.

(18) insulting (образливий) – very rude and offensive to smb. She made insulting remarks on his way of behaviour.

(19) to jerk (смикати, штовхати) – to move or make smth. move in short, sudden movement. Suddenly the train jerked to a halt.

(20) movement (рух) – an act of moving your body. Dancer’s graceful movements were assessed by the jury.

(21) to nod (кивати головою) – to move your head up and down in order to show agreement or disagreement. I’ve asked her if she was ready to go and she nodded.

(22) obviously (явно, очевидно) – used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or understood. We’re obviously going to need more help.

(23) posture (поза, положення, постава) – the position you hold your body in when you sit or stand. Poor posture can lead to muscular problems in later life.

(24) to regard (вважати, розцінювати) – to think about smth. or smb. in a particular way. In some cultures smile is regarded as a sign of weakness in certain situations.

(25) to remain (залишатися, зберігати) – to continue to be in the same state or condition. The Government remained in power for twelve years.

(26) rigorous (суворий, невблаганний) – very severe and strict. Our practices of eye contact are not so rigorous as with the British and Germans.

(27) to rub (терти) – to move your hand, a cloth etc. over a surface while pressing against it. She began rubbing her hair with a towel.

(28) rude (грубий, брутальний) – speaking or behaving in a way that is not polite. I didn’t mean to be rude, but I had to leave early.

(29) to seise (схопити, охопити) – to take hold of smth. suddenly and violently. He seised my hand and dragged me away from the window.

(30) sign (знак, жест) – an event, fact etc. that shows that smth. is hap­pening or that smth. is true. The tests can detect early signs of disease.

(31) to thrust (штовхати, тикати) – to push smth. somewhere with a sudden or violent movement. The man thrust a package into Jack’s hand and ran away.

(32) vastly (дуже, значною мірою) – very much. This film is vastly superior to his last one.

(33) vital (необхідний, життєво важливий) – extremely important and necessary for smth. to succeed or exist. Such measures are vital to national security.

Task 9. Match each word in section A with its translation in section B:

A. Conversation; to seize; gesture; to nod; to indicate; posture; to fold; rigorous; handshaking; voice; vulgar; to represent; to get into; audience; movement; obviously; advanced; vital; definite; difference; to adopt; to perceive; to stare; to range; body movement; polite; to thrust; sign; bribe; to jerk; vastly; to avoid; weak; etiquette; standards; embrace.

B. Охопити; смикати; поза, положення; обіймати; рух; прогресивний; визначений; потрапити; усвідомлювати; вульгарний; суворий; рух тіла; уникати; етикет; штовхати; розмова; різниця; необхідний; ввічливий; слабкий; голос; стандарти; дуже; знак; рукостискання; обійми; кивати; жест; очевидно; хабар; вказувати; пильно дивитись; глядачі; представляти; приймати; коливатись.

Task 10. Match each word in section A with the one of the similar meaning in section B:

A. Conversation; gesture; posture; to thrust; to indicate; movement; to remain; obviously; vital; definite; vast; to stare.

B. To push; to stay; evidently; talk; distinct; fundamental; to point out; to look precisely; sign; motion; position; huge.

Task 11. Match each word in section A with the one of the opposite meaning in section B:

A. Obvious; advanced; vital; definite; weak; vastly; insulting; rude.

B. Indefinite; tiny; strong; backward; polite; imperceptible; unimportant; compliment.

Task 12. Match each word in section A with its definition in section B:

A. Vastly; to nod; conversation; to stare; vital; rigorous; to thrust; gesture; to adopt; to arch; posture; to regard.

B. An informal talk; extremely important; the position of your body; a movement of a part of your body; very rude or offensive; to think about smth. in a particular way; very much; to move your head up and down; to approve a proposal; to bend your arms or legs; to look at smth. for a long time; to push smth. with a sudden movement.

Task 13. Rearrange the following jumbled words into sentences:

1. Nonverbal or non-word communication, that occurs without words, means all communication. 2. Culture, about body positions, move­ments and various factors, teaches us, that affect human relationship. 3. The meanings we give to nonverbal symbols, how our culture has conditioned us, will vary depending on. 4. You need to be sensitive, with nonverbal communication, to what others intend. 5. You need, in the meanings you receive, to make some allowance for error, from nonverbal symbols. 6. You need, to determine, to go beyond the obvious, what nonverbal symbols mean. 7. When you become aware of the many differences, to the meaning, you then can become sensitive, intended by the nonverbal communication. 8. In American culture, when they wish to remain in one place for some time, most people sit, but in much of the world people hunker (squat). 9. Hunkering, body position, is a very normal. 10. Children, until their elders teach them, hunker quite naturally, to sit.