The main ways of notation (запись, усл. знаки) of intonation patterns

Кратко

Graphical representation of intonation:

1. Ch. Fries drawing a line around the sentence to show relative pitch heights

2. D. Bolinger the syllables are written at different height where up-selected syllables show stress.

3. K.Pike marks syllables with numbers from 1-4, where 1 is the strongly stressed syllable.

4. O’Connor’s the one we use

There are a variety of methods for recording int. patterns in writing.

The first three methods reflect variations in pitch only:

1. The method introduced by Fries involves drawing a line around the sentence to show relative pitch heights.

2. The syllables are written at dif. heights across the page. This method is quite inconvenient as application wants a special model of print.

3. “Levels” method, a number of discrete levels of pitch are recognized, and the utterance is marked accordingly. This method was used by some American linguists who recognized four levels of pitch, low, normal, high and extra-high, numbering them from 1-4. Since most linguists who have adopted this method have favoured low-to-high numbering. This notation corresponds (соответствует) to the pattern of the example illustrating the first method.

4. The fourth method was used by most of the British phoneticians. This method has a number of advantages.

- not only variations of pitch but also stressed syllable are marked.

- dis’tinct (отдельный) modifications of pitch in the nuclear syllable are indicated by special symbols, i.e. by a downward and an upward arrow or a ‘sla:ntwise (косо) stress mark. Pitch movements in the pre-nuclear part can be indicated too.

- it is very convenient for marking intonation in texts.

One of the disadvantages of this method is that there has been no general agreement about the number of terminal tones and pre-nuclear parts English intonation system requires in order to provide adequate description.

So the simplest recognizes only two tones, a fall and a rise-easy to distinguish, but not sufficient for the phonological analysis.