Phonetic rules

1. We must watch for the positional length of the vowel […]. It is the longest in the final position, it is shorter before a voiced consonant, it is the shortest before a voiceless consonant.

e.g. [gou] – [goul] – [gout]

2. we must watch for the aspiration of the voiceless consonants [p, t, k ]. They are most strongly aspirated before stressed vowels esp. long monophthongs and diphthongs; they are less aspirated in the final position and before an unstressed vowel; they lose their aspiration after [s].

e.g. [pi:] – [pit] – [nip] – [spit]

3. We must watch for the lateral plosion in the word / in the phrase ______. The plosion of the consonant […] becomes lateral under the influence of the sonorous consonant [l].

e.g. [ ‘setl], [ faind lu:k]

4. We must watch for the nasal plosion in the word / in the phrase _______. The Plosion of the consonant […] becomes nasal under the influence of the nasal sonorants [n], [m].

e.g. [ ‘kitn], [ lend mi]

5. We must watch for the loss of plosion in the word / in the phrase________. The consonant […] loses its plosion under the influence of the following plosive consonant […].

e.g. [ mi:t tim]

6. We must watch for assimilation in the word/phrase _______. The alveolar consonant […] becomes dental under the influence of the interdental […]. The consonant […] becomes rounded under the influence of the following sonorant [w]. The sonorant […] becomes partly devoiced under the influence of the voiceless consonant […].

e.g. [ri:d ðә buk], [swift]

7. We must watch for reduction in the word ________. This word is used in its weak (reduced) form; its strong form is _______. It’s a case of qualitative/ quantitative/ zero reduction.

The parts of speech that are normally reduced (form-words) are as follows: articles, particles, prepositions, conjunctions, modal and auxiliary verbs, personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns.

The parts of speech that are never reduced (notional words) are as follows: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, interrogative pronouns.

e.g. [hi:] – [hi ] – [hi] – [h], [ ‘iznt]

8. We must watch for the absence of the glottal stop in the word _______ where the vowel occurs in the initial position.

e.g. [ ‘i:zi]

9. We must watch for the absence of palatalization of the consonant [..] before the front vowel […].

e.g. [pen], [bi ‘li:v]

10. We must watch for the linking [r] in the phrase ________.

e.g. [nevәr ә gein]