Find English equivalents in the text

Занимать территорию, ост­ровное государство, население, крупней­шие города, квадратные километры, состоять из островов, грани­чить с, пра­вительство, омываться океаном, быть разделенным на штаты, к западу от Европы, прекрасные озера, возвышенность, низменность, быть богатым рудой, кораблестроение, член Содружества, добывать минералы, различные части страны, независимое государство, гористая страна, железная руда.

TEXT II

1. Read after the speaker:

British, Edward Tylor, the British Association for the Advancement of Science

2. Pay attention to the following words and word-combinations:

Acquisition, efficient, advancement, exhaustive, advertiser, inspire, ample, intricately, anthropologist, inventory, apparent, involve, aspiration, major, association, manual, awareness, observation, behaviour, patterned, committee, significant, component, socially, consciousness, threshold, creative, value.

What is Culture?

The word culture can be used in two senses: to mean the whole way of life of a definite group of people; and to mean the arts, learning, and all creative efforts. The second meaning is usually referred to as “high culture.”

The modern definition of culture was first proposed by the nineteenth-century British anthropologist, Edward Tylor, who defined it as socially patterned human thought and behaviour.

The first inventory of categories was undertaken in 1872 by a committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, which was assisted by Tylor. The committee prepared an anthropological field manual that listed seventy-six culture topics. The most exhaustive list was first published in 1938 and is still used as a guide.

Culture involves at least three components: what people think, what they do, and the material products they produce. Thus, mental processes, beliefs, knowledge, and values are parts of culture.

Culture can be defined as ideas, customs, skills, arts, tools, aspirations, and attitudes, which characterize a given group of people in a given period of time. It is a system of integrated patterns, most of which remain below the threshold of consciousness, yet all of which influence human behaviour. Culture is the context within which we exist, think, feel, and relate to others. It is the “glue” that binds a group of people together.

A language is a part of culture and culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven, so one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. It is apparent that culture, as an ingrained set of behaviour and models of perception, becomes highly important in the learning of a second language. The acquisition of a second language is also the acquisition of a second culture. Both linguists and anthropologists bear ample testimony to this observation.

Culture – beliefs, attitudes, aspirations, pragmatic designs and fantasies, actions and reactions – is studied by advertisers all over the world. Advertisers try to find ways that might inspire people of a given culture to buy a product of one manufacturer rather than of another. Although the great role of the language used in advertisements is undeniable, the knowledge of cultural concepts is quite a significant factor, too. Cultural awareness of advertisers can make advertising campaigns more efficient, bringing major practical results.

Words:

inventory exhaustive to involve tool aspiration threshold consciousness glue intricately significance ingrained perception   acquisition ample testimony observation to inspire awareness

список исчерпывающий, всесторонний включать инструмент, орудие стремление порог, преддверие сознание клей сложно, запутанно значение, смысл проникший восприятие, осознание, понимание приобретение, поступление достаточный показание, признак наблюдение вдохновлять, вселять сознание

Tasks for the discussion: