| Direct Speech
| Reported Speech
|
| Tenses
|
| Present Simple My friend said, "I have a headache."
| Past Simple My friend said that hehada headache.
|
| Present Progressive(Continuous)
He said, "My temperatureis going up."
| Past Progressive He said that his temperaturewas going up.
|
| Present Perfect He said, "I’ve caught flu."
| Past Perfect He said that he had caughtflu.
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| Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous) She said, "I have been coughing for about 4 days
| Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) She said that she had been coughing for about 4 days.
|
| Past Simple He said, "I gave up smoking a month ago."
| Past Perfect He said that he had given up smoking a month before.
|
| Past Progressive (Continuous) He said, "Iwas gargling.
| Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) He said that he had been gargling.
|
| Past Perfect He said, "I had drunkhot tea with lemon"
| Past Perfect He said that he had drunk hot tea with lemon.
|
| Future Simple The doctor said, "I’ll give you a sick leave”.
| Future-in-the Past The doctor said that he would give her a sick leave.
|
| Note: the tenses do not change if the speaker expresses general truths, permanent states and conditions. “Water turns into ice,” he said. He said (that) water turns into ice.
|
| Time words
|
| now
| then
|
| here
| there
|
| this /these
| that / those
|
| today
| that day
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| tomorrow
| the next day (the following day)
|
| yesterday
| the day before
|
| ago
| before
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| next week / year
| the following week / year
|
| last night
| the previous night
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| Questions
|
| 1) His dentist said, “Doesthis tooth hurt you now?”
| 1) He asked if (whether) that tooth hurt him then.
|
| 2) He said, “When didit happen?”
| 2) He asked whenit had happened.
|
| Suggestions, requests, commands
|
| His said, “You should go to a doctor.”
| He advised me to see a doctor.
|
| He said, “Don’t talk to me in medical terms.”
| He asked me not to talk to him in medical terms.
|
| We can use such introductory verbs as asked, advised, offered, suggested, told, ordered
|
| Modals
|
| can
| could (could lift weights); would be able (to do it next day)
|
| may
| might
|
| must
| must / had to
|
| shall
| should
|
| need
| didn’t need to
|
| should
| should
|
| Say and Tell
Say is used in Direct and Reported Speech. The doctor said (said to me), “ You have to get an X-ray.”
Tell is used in Reported Speech. Tell is followed by a direct object - me, them, her. He told me (that) my temperature is all right.
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