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General|common| structure of the EU
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General structure of the European Union can be pictured as an antique building with three pillars.
The three pillars are:
1. The first or 'Community' pillar concerns economic, social and environmental policies.
2. The second or 'Common Foreign and Security Policy' (CFSP) pillar concerns foreign policy and military matters.
3. The third or 'Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters' (PJCC) pillar concerns co-operation in the fight against crime. This pillar was originally named 'Justice and Home Affairs'. (See picture 1.)
The pillar structure had its historical origins in the negotiations leading up to the Maastricht treaty. It was desired to add powers to the Community in the areas of foreign policy, security and defence policy, asylum and immigration policy, criminal co-operation, and judicial co-operation. However, some member-states opposed the addition of these powers to the Community on the grounds that they were too sensitive to national sovereignty for the community method to be used, and that these matters were better handled intergovernmentally. To the extent that at that time the Community dealt with these matters at all, they were being handled intergovernmentally, principally in European Political Cooperation (EPC).
As a result, these additional matters were not included in the European Community; but were tacked on externally to the European Community in the form of two additional 'pillars'. The first additional pillar (Common Foreign and Security Policy, CFSP) dealt with foreign policy, security and defence issues, while the second additional pillar (JHA, Justice and Home Affairs), dealt with the remainder.
Recent amendments in the treaty of Amsterdam and the treaty of Nice have made the additional pillars increasingly supranational. Most important among these has been the transfer of policy on asylum, migration and judicial co-operation in civil matters to the Community pillar, effected by the Amsterdam treaty. Thus the third pillar has been renamed Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters, or PJCC. The term Justice and Home Affairs is still used to cover both the third pillar and the transferred areas.
| European Union | ||||||
| First pillar | Second pillar | Third pillar | ||||
| European Communities (ECs) | Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) | Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) | ||||
| · Customs Union and Single market · Common Agricultural Policy · Common Fisheries Policy · EU competition law · Economic and monetary union · EU-Citizenship · Education and Culture · Trans-European Networks · Consumer protection · Healthcare · Research (e.g. Sixth Framework Programme) · Environmental law · Social policy · Asylum policy · Schengen treaty · Immigration policy | Foreign policy: · Human rights · Democracy · Foreign aid Security policy: · European Security and Defense Policy · EU battle groups · European Rapid Reaction Force · Peacekeeping | · Drug trafficking and weapons smuggling · Terrorism · Trafficking in human beings · Organized crime · Bribery and fraud | ||||
Pic. 1 The European Union structure
Дата публикования: 2014-11-26; Прочитано: 259 | Нарушение авторского права страницы | Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!
