Времена группы Perfect (перфектные, совершенные)

Кроме настоящего времени (the Present Perfect Tense), в группу времен Perfect входят также прошедшее совершенное (Past Perfect) и будущее совершенное (Future Perfect). Они обозначают законченное действие, которое уже завершилось или уже завершится к(до) определенному(го) моменту(а) в прошлом или будущем.

Внешним формальным признаком сказуемого во временах группы Perfect является сочетание вспомогательного глагола to have (have, has, had, will have, shall have) с причастием прошедшего времени Participle II смыслового глагола. Глаголам в Past и Future Perfect в русском языке соответствуют глаголы совершенного вида:

I had written a letter by 5 o'clock yesterday (when he came).

Я написал письмо к 5 часам вчера (когда он пришел).

I shall have written a letter by 5 o'clock tomorrow (when he comes).

Я напишу письмо к 5 часам завтра (когда он придет).

Ex. 10. Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на глаголы в the Past Perfect Tense.

When we got home we asked George what he had done during our absence. He said that he had cleaned the windows. We asked him why he had not polished the floor as well. He insisted that he had polished it, but it did not look any better to us. We asked him what sort of polish he had used. He showed the tin and said that he had found it on one of the shelves. It was jam.

Ex. 11. Прочтите диалог, обращая внимание на глаголы в the Future Perfect Tense.

Новые слова: average – равняться в среднем; calculation – расчет.

John: How many books... have you read this year?

Mary: Ten.

J.: If you continue to average... two a week... you' ll have read a hundred and four books... by the end of the year.

M.: That's right. And I' ll have written... one hundred and fifty-six letters.

George: I' ve made some calculations, too. By the end of the year... I' ll have smoked... over seven thousand cigarettes. I' ll have drunk... a thousand bottles of beer. I' ll have eaten... ninety pounds of potatoes. I' ll have slept... for over a hundred days. I' ll have changed my shirt... at least twenty times.

J.: And you' ll have borrowed... about a thousand pounds.

M.: But you' ll have only paid back... about a quarter of it.